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Software Project Management4th Edition
Activity planning
Chapter 6
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Scheduling‘Time is nature’s way of stopping
everything happening at once’Having
– worked out a method of doing the project– identified the tasks to be carried– assessed the time needed to do each taskneed to allocate dates/times for the start and end of each activity
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Activity networksThese help us to:• Assess the feasibility of the planned
project completion date• Identify when resources will need to be
deployed to activities• Calculate when costs will be incurredThis helps the co-ordination and
motivation of the project team
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Identifying activities• Work-based: draw-up a Work Breakdown
Structure listing the work items needed• Product-based approach
– list the deliverable and intermediate products of project – product breakdown structure (PBS)
– Identify the order in which products have to be created
– work out the activities needed to create the products
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Hybrid approach
A Work Breakdown Structure based on deliverables
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The final outcome of the planning process
A project plan as a bar chart
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PERT vs CPM
PERT
Do A
Do C
Do B
Do D
CPMDo A
Do B
Do CDo D
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Drawing up a PERT diagram
• No looping back is allowed – deal with iterations by hiding them within single activities
• milestones – ‘activities’, such as the start and end of the project, which indicate transition points. They have zero duration.
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Lagged activitiesWhere there is a fixed delay between activities e.g. seven days notice has to be given to users that a new release has been signed off and is to be installed
Acceptancetesting
Install new release
7days
20 days 1day
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Types of links between activities
Finish to start
Start to start/ Finish to finish
Softwaredevelopment Acceptance testing
Test prototype
DocumentAmendments
1 day
2 days
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Types of links between activities
• Start to finish
Operate temporary system
Acceptance testof new system
Cutover to new system
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Start and finish times
• Activity ‘write report software’• Earliest start (ES)• Earliest finish (EF) = ES + duration• Latest finish (LF) = latest task can be
completed without affecting project end Latest start = LF - duration
Earliest start
Latest start
Latestfinish
Earliest finish
activity
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Example
• earliest start = day 5• latest finish = day 30• duration = 10 days
• earliest finish = ?• latest start = ?
Float = LF - ES - duration
What is it in this case?
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Notation
Activity description
Activity label Duration
ES
LS
EF
LF
Activity span Float
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15 ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005SPM Activity planning 11
Complete for previous example
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Earliest start date• Earliest start date for the current activity
= earliest finish date for the previous• When there is more than one previous
activity, take the latest earliest finish• Note ‘day 7’ = end of work on day 7
EF = day 7
EF = day10
ES = day10
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Example of an activity network
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Complete the tableActivity ES duration EF
A B C D E F G H
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Latest start dates• Start from the last activity• Latest finish (LF) for last activity =
earliest finish (EF)• work backwards• Latest finish for current activity =
Latest start for the following• More than one following activity - take
the earliest LS• Latest start (LS) = LF for activity -
duration
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Example: LS for all activities?
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Complete the tableActivity ES Dur EF LS LF
A B C D E F G H
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Float
Float = Latest finish - Earliest start -
Duration
ES
Latest start
activity
LFFLOAT
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Complete the tableAct-ivity
ES Dur EF LS LF Float
A B C D E F G
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Critical path• Note the path through network with
zero floats• Critical path: any delay in an activity
on this path will delay whole project• Can there be more than one critical
path?• Can there be no critical path?• Sub-critical paths
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Free and interfering floatA 7w
0 7
B 4w0 4
C 10w0 10
D 1w7 8
E 2w10 12
1210109
9
9
2
5
100
02
0
5
2
B can be up to 3 days lateand not affect any other activity = free float
B can be a further 2 days late – affectsD but not the project end date = interfering float