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AD/HD…ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
CLASSROOM BASICS IN AD/HD
A project of the Fairfax County Public Schools and CHADD of Northern Virginia – 2009
ww.adhdpartnership.com
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AD/HD…So what is it anyway?
AD/HD is a neurobiological disorder that has academic and behavioral implications
AD/HD is a hidden disability most likely caused by a neurochemical imbalance or deficiency in the areas of the brain responsible for attention and activity.
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PET Scan of ADD Brain
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Brain/Frontal Lobe Diagram
Neurons in the frontal
lobe send messages
by way of
neurotransmitters to
deeper structures in
the brain that control
inhibition, alertness,
and vigilance.
Medication works to
enhance this process.
Source: Barkley RA. Scientific American September 1998
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How the Brain Works
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Types of AD/HD
AD/HD, Predominately Hyperactive
Squirms in seat or fidgets
Inappropriately leaves seating
Inappropriately runs or climbs
Has trouble playing quietly
Appears driven or “on the go”
Talks excessively
Answers questions before completely asked
Has trouble awaiting turn
Interrupts or intrudes on space of others
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Types of AD/HD (cont)
AD/HD, Predominately Inattentive Type
Fails to pay close attention to details or makes careless errors
Has trouble keeping attention on tasks
Doesn’t appear to be listening
Does not follow through on instructions or complete tasks
Has trouble organizing activities or tasks
Dislikes or avoids tasks involving sustained mental effort
Loses materials
Is easily distracted
Is forgetful
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Types of AD/HD (cont)
AD/HD, Combined Type
Meets the criteria for both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsivity types
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Some Co-Existing Conditions
Social Skill Deficits
Anxiety
Depression
Learning Disabilities
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Accurate Diagnosis Requires Careful Evaluation
Comprehensive Evaluation must include:
Review of family history
Review of medical history
Psycho-social evaluation
Environmental classroom observation
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Gender Differences
BOYS
Acting out symptoms are more observable:
Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and aggression
GIRLS
More frequently inattentive. Fewer behavioral problems. More anxious and depressed.
Hyperactivity tends to manifest as hyper-verbal
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Multimodal Treatment Approach
Family Training
Educational & Behavioral Management
Counseling
Medical Management
– Some medications: Ritalin, Adderal, Dexadrine slow release: Concerta, Adderal XR, Metadate, Vyvanse, Strattera (non-stimulant), and Daytrana Patch
– Other medications may be used based on symptoms
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Identifying AD/HD Behaviors In The Classroom
Wanting to get out of seat.
Does not seem to be paying attention
Has difficulty waiting turn or intrudes in other’s space
Struggles to stay involved with difficult tasks and easily distracted
Can experience trouble getting started on work and/or needs help to complete work
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Identifying AD/HD Behaviors In The Classroom
Demonstrates difficulty organizing large projects and seeing the breakdown of the project
Can only follow one or two instructions at a time
Has disorganized notebooks and forgets materials and homework
Has poor independent work habits
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Identifying AD/HD Behaviors In The Classroom
Can demonstrate difficulty with written expression and poor handwriting
Can exhibit poor social awareness and miss social cues
Can distract others with behavior
Can demonstrate significant working memory challenges
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504 Plans and IDEA
Students with AD/HD (if they are havingsignificant difficulties in learning because of theirdisability) may qualify for:
Section 504 Plan – a civil rights law which allows adaptations in the regular classroom
IDEA (Individual with Disabilities Education Act) which provides special education services under Other Health Impaired (OHI) category.
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How Can I Help a Student with AD/HD?
The more you know about the
disability, the more effective you will
be in teaching them
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How Can I Help a Student with AD/HD?
Five simple strategies that bring success with these students are:
– Arranging seating to lessen distractions
– Providing short, clear instructions
– Breaking down large projects into time lines
– Using positive feedback – it works more effectively with these students than negative reinforcement
– Partnering with parents and student for success
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Sources and Special Thanks
Fairfax County Public Schools and CHADD ADD Partnership:
Fereshteh Sharokhi, LCSW Wendy Rudolph, PhD
Joan Mayer, MA Jeri Trudeau, MA
Patrice Garver, PhD Sonja Hamilton, M.Ed
Ann Dolin, M.Ed Nancy Shashaty, MD
Amy Stark, MA Wendy Rudolph, PhD
Anie Tandler, MA Adele Sebben, MA
Maureen Gill, LCSW
Please direct any questions to www.adhdpartnership.com
CHADD of Northern Virginia
National CHADD
Chris Dendy
Alan Zametkin, MD
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