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ADVANCED PROPULSIONTECHNOLOGY STRATEGY
Tom StephensVice Chairman, Global Product OperationsGeneral Motors Company
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35%
96%
OF WORLD’S ENERGY
OF TRANSPORTATIONENERGY
PETROLEUM SUPPLIES…
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ENERGY DIVERSITY
MEGA TRENDS FOR FUTURE POWERTRAINS
POWERTRAIN EFFICIENCY
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ImproveVehicle
Fuel Economyand
Emissions
DisplacePetroleum
EnergyDiversity
Hydrogen Fuel Cell-Electric
Vehicles
Battery-ElectricVehicles (including
EVre)Hybrid-ElectricVehicles (including
Plug-in HEV)IC Engine
and TransmissionImprovements
Petroleum (Conventional and Alternative Sources)Alternative Fuels (Ethanol, Biodiesel, CNG, LPG)
Electricity (Conv. and Alternative Sources)Hydrogen
Time
ADVANCED PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY
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DOWNSIZED TURBO GAS ENGINE
CHEVROLET CRUZE 1.4L TURBO ECOTEC
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Downsized SIDITurbo Boosting
HCCI – Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition
Spark IgnitionDirect Injection
Port Deactivation with EGRCam Phasing, Variable Valve Lift, Active Fuel Management Modular and Flexible
Architectures Reduced Mass Improved Combustion
Technology Integration of Leading-
edge Technologies
IMPROVING GASOLINE ENGINES
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CHEVROLET EQUINOX WITH 32 MPGCLASS-LEADING HIGHWAY FUEL ECONOMY
¶ 2.4L SIDI L4 Ecotec Engine Replaced 3.4L V6
30% Fuel Economy Improvement with Powertrain and Vehicle Enablers
¶ Deceleration Fuel Cut-off¶ Idle Speed Reduction
¶ Rack Electric Power Steering
¶ 6-Speed Automatic with Optimized Shift and Clutch Control
¶ Electronic Returnless Fuel System
¶ Aerodynamic Drag Reduction¶ Regulated Voltage Control¶ Optimized Tire Rolling Resistance
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HOMOGENEOUS-CHARGE COMPRESSION-IGNITION (HCCI)
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Diesel Particulate Filter
Porous Cell Wall
NOX Aftertreatment
OxidationCatalyst
UreaInjection
SCR Urea NOx Catalyst
ParticulateFilter
PCCI Combustion
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Equi
vale
nce
Rat
io (f
)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Temperature (K)
PCCI Combustion
Conventional Combustion
soot zone
NOX Zone
Cylinder Pressure Sensing
Fuel Injectors
ECU
EGR TurboCylinder Pressure Sensor
Base Engine Technologies Advanced Boosting withSmall Displacement
LP Turbo
HP Turbo
High Pressure Injection Lower Compression
Ratios Higher Peak
Cylinder Pressure
DIESEL ENGINES –ACHIEVING THE LOWEST EMISSIONS
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DURAMAX 6.6L TURBO DIESEL
6.6L TURBO V-8GMC SIERRA
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ARGONNE NATIONAL LAB
SANDIA NATIONALLABS
OAK RIDGENATIONAL LAB
PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LAB
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OVER 5.5M VEHICLES WORLDWIDE AND 19 MODELS IN NORTH AMERICA
GM ETHANOL VEHICLES
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ENERGY DIVERSITY – ETHANOL
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ENERGY DIVERSITY – CNG AND LPG
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ELECTRIFICATION STRATEGYPORTFOLIO OF SOLUTIONS FOR FULL RANGE OF VEHICLES THAT PROVIDE CUSTOMER CHOICE
Petroleum and Biofuels(Conventional and Alternative Sources)
Increasing Electrification
Electricity and Hydrogen(Zero Emissions Energy Sources)
MildHybrid
StrongHybrid
Extended-Range Electric
BatteryElectric
Fuel Cell Electric
Plug-inHybrid
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MILD HYBRID SYSTEM
¶ Up to 20% city fuel economy improvement
¶ 115 volt, 15kW system
¶ Midsize vehicles
¶ North America and Asia
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2-MODE RWD HYBRIDS
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2-MODE RWD HYBRIDS
¶ Up to 40% city fuel economy improvement
¶ City fuel economy equal to 4-cylinder sedan
¶ Tow up to 6,100 pounds
¶ Only full hybrid for full-size trucks and SUVs
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PLUG-IN 2-MODE FWD HYBRID
¶ Front-wheel-drive architecture
¶ Active program under development for production
¶ Beginning in 2012
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE WITH RANGE-EXTENDER
25-50 Miles Battery Electric
Drive
Hundreds of Miles Extended-Range Driving
+
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¶ 16-kWh battery pack
¶ High energy, high power in minimized package
¶ 8-year/100,000-mile warranty
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
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Engine Generator Lithium-Ion Battery
111 kW Electric Drive Unit Charge Port
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CHARGING AND INFRASTRUCTURE
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ELECTRIC MOTORS POWER CONTROL BATTERIES FUEL CELLSPOWERTRAIN ELECTRIFICATION
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GLOBAL BATTERY SYSTEMS LAB
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BROWNSTOWN TOWNSHIPBATTERY MANUFACTURING PLANT
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EVERYDAY DRIVERS6,500
MILES LOGGED1,700,000
PRODUCTION-INTENTFUEL CELL SYSTEM
PROJECT DRIVEWAY
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¶ Future powertrains must be driven by both improved efficiency and energy diversity
¶ Ethanol is the best near-term option for energy diversity
¶ CNG and hydrogen will increase in importance over time
¶ Electrification improves efficiency and offers the potential for energy diversity, while providing a fun-to-drive car with new customer features
¶ There is no silver bullet … the customer will ultimately choose the technology providing the most value
ENERGY DIVERSITY AND POWERTRAIN EFFICIENCY
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¶ Fundamental strategy to achieve:– Higher-quality design– Reduced structural cost– Faster product development
¶ Enable first-time capable designs
¶ Explore a range of what-if scenarios
¶ Minimize testing
GM ROAD-LAB-MATH (RLM) STRATEGY
Lab
Math
Road
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OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND CFD ANALYSIS
EXP
In-Cylinder Imaging Spray MeasurementsCFD Models Development
Improved In-Cylinder PredictionsCFD
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MULTIDIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATIONSPRAY, IGNITION, COMBUSTION, AND EMISSION MODELS
Soot Soot Oxidation
Soot Number Density
Nitric Oxide
Fuel Spray Fuel Vapor
Soot Cloud
Fuel Film On WallSwirl Direction
Spray On Bowl Lip
Reverse Squish
Soot ParticleSize Distribution
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Optimize SystemDesign (Engine & AT)
Engine/AT System Architecture
EASAT: ENGINE & AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOLSPREDICT TAILPIPE EMISSIONS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION
Vehicle■ GT-Drive■ HPSP
Complete Drive Cycle Simulation
CO, HC, NOx, PM
Evaluate Control Strategies
Do Preliminary Calibration
Controller■ Single Variable
(PID)■ Multiple Variable
(Model-based)
Engine ■ GT-
Power■ WAVE
Aftertreatment■ 3W
C■ DO
C■ LNT
■ DPF■ SC
R
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¶ Powertrain Model Architecture CRADA
¶ Argonne National Lab and General Motors
¶ Plug-and-play environment and architecture supports powertrain control systems design, analysis, and development
¶ Currently being rolled out as the production tool for GM controls algorithms development
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High-speed computing grid needed for:
¶ Large (CFD) system simulation
¶ High-fidelity models
¶ Predictive combustion engine data before actual hardware is available
¶ Multi-controller simulation
¶ Optimization studies, limited by current computing throughput
WHAT IS THE FUTURE?
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¶ National Labs– Sandia – Combustion research– Oak Ridge – Diesel particulate filter and ethanol
degradation CRADAs– Pacific Northwest – Urea SCR CRADA– Argonne – Plug-and-play model architecture– DOE initiative on predictive numerical simulation
¶ University network– Collaborative Research Labs: U. Michigan, U. Wisconsin– Shanghai Jiao Tong U., Tech. U. Darmstadt, Penn State
EXTERNAL COLLABORATIONS
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