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African Civilization
EQs:
1) How did geography influence Africa’s development?
2) Where were Africa’s trading kingdoms?
3) How was Islam introduced to Africa?
4) Who was Mansa Musa?
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Africa’s Geography & Its Effects
• Remember, 40-40-10-10 (varied climates & terrains)!
• Hardly any usable natural harbors
• Interior is a high plateau = rivers flow down to the coast & are filled w/ rapids
• Travel is difficult & done mainly to trade
• Geographic diversity & natural barriers lead to numerous cultures being developed
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Traditional Societies
• Village gov’t– Power shared among community members– Village decisions made by consensus & open
discussion
• Family Patterns; group over the individual– Nuclear families = parents & children work & live
together as a unit– More commonly, several generations lived in one
household; extended families form clans– Community values enhanced by clan identification
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Religion
• Variety of beliefs across Africa
• Early Africans were polytheistic
• Some believe spirits of the dead are present among the living
• Animism: every living & nonliving thing in nature has a spirit
• Islam: becomes an important social and religious force as kingdoms rise and fall
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Trading Kingdoms
• West Africa– Ghana (800-1000)– Mali (1200-1450)– Songhai (1450-1600)
• East Africa– Axum
• Located on Red Sea• Merging of cultures• Judaism & Christianity
introduced
• What was traded?– Salt & Gold– Salt from the Sahara
traded for gold from the savanna regions
– Iron, copper & other minerals
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MANSA MUSA & TIMBUKTU• Mansa Musa was
Mali’s most powerful ruler
• Borders were extended & his warriors protected & controlled the land
• Mansa Musa converted to Islam & made a pilgrimage to Mecca
• Mansa Musa builds a university in Timbuktu & students of Islam travel from all over the Muslim world to study there
• By the 1400s, Timbuktu is a leading center of learning
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Mansa Musa: Depiction of him holding a gold nugget, created c.
1375
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Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu
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Discovery of Timbuktu by westerners; c. mid-1800s
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Africa & Global Trade
• Seas link continents– Mediterranean– Red Sea
• Ocean– Indian ocean
• Goods make their way to African coasts and then traded across the seas
• Hausa-1300s-the Hausa people built city-states in present day Nigeria– Caravans across the
Sahara– Dominate Saharan trade
routes by 1500
• Benin-people from coastal rainforest in Guinea– Trade ivory, pepper, &
slaves– Cast bronze & brass
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East African City-States• 600CE=Arab &
Persian merchants set up trading communities
• 1000CE=port cities (like Mogadishu) trading w/India
• Slaves captured inland and sold to Persian merchants
• Trade leads to mixing of cultures
• Swahili = the language spoken by the people of this blended culture– Arabic words mixed
with Bantu words