Download - African Economic Development Spring 2007 Pre-colonial and colonial periods Lecture by Dr R. Serra
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African Economic DevelopmentSpring 2007
Pre-colonial and colonial periodsLecture by Dr R. Serra
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First European contacts
15th C.: Portuguese pioneers venture along the coasts
16th-17th C: English, Dutch and French outposts 1652: the Dutch establish the “Cape colony” First interest in Africa initially was from:
traders missionaries explorers
Traders became more and more interested in slaves as main export from Africa
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Atlantic slave trade
Slave trade existed already in Africa Uniqueness of Atlantic slave trade due to:
numbers involved (over 12 millions) human suffering demographic effects (halved 1850 African population) socio-economic impact (European merchants and American
economy thrived, most of Africa declined) cultural consequences: notion of the African ‘savage’ political effects: import of firearms increased conflicts
Africa integrated into the “triangular trade” system, but got the weakest share
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Triangular Trade Route
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Critical dates
1440s: first slaves were taken to Portugal 1518: first slaves dispatched across the Atlantic.
Britain, the Netherlands and France started to compete with Spain and Portugal for a share of the profits of slavery
1770s: opposition to slavery begins in Britain 1807: Britain declared buying, transporting and selling
of slaves illegal 1833: illegal to own slaves
under-6 children were freed, all others became ‘apprentices’ working for free for 6 years
1838: apprenticeships outlawed as exploitative 1865: end of slavery with the end of the Civil War
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Exploration and conquest
EXPLORATION: Mungo Park’s first expedition to the Niger (1795) David Livingstone explores central Africa (1850s) and reaches
Victoria falls HM Stanley travels to central Africa and helps king Leopold II Christian missionaries, African Americans and former slaves
follow with their missions, trade activities, and new settlementsBUT the Europeans were then still hugely ignorant of the continent
CONQUEST: Portuguese, British and French colonies limited to the coast 1884: Berlin conference: the ‘scramble for Africa’ begins Principle of “effective occupation” led to conquest Conquest was not easy, due to local oppositions By 1905 most of Africa was under European rule
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European presence up to 1884
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Reasons for conquest
End of slavery required changes in world trade Need to sustain European industrialization:
Demand for cheap raw materials Need for a large market for industrial products
Political competition among European powers Cultural factors: the myth of the “white
superiority” and the “civilizing mission” Evangelization
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African colonies: evolution
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Africa in the early 20th century
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Modes of colonial governance
British Indirect rule (especially in West Africa)Areas for permanent English settlers (as in
Kenya and Zimbabwe)French
Direct rule through French prefectsThe politics of ‘assimilation’
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Political effects of colonization
Artificial boundaries and political units Destruction of the normal course of
institutional evolution Creation of divisions among Africans Weakening of the power and authority of local
chiefs both in direct and indirect rule modes Weak political states and institutions
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Economic effects
Taxation People forced to work for wage to pay taxes Conversion from food to cash crops
Exploitation of mineral and environmental resources Transformation of the rural economy, social structure,
labor and gender relations, and migration patterns Specialization in primary products The ‘White settlers’: many Africans experience
landlessness Foreign companies penetrate the mining sector Creation of uneven progress within Africa
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Social effects
Exacerbations of ethnic divisionsRacial tensionsGulf between African elites and the restTension between European and African
cultures, manners, habitsEx: formal (‘white’ or ‘mission’) education
and traditional educationAfricans’ lack of self-confidence
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Africa and the World War II
Africans fought the war in all major continents: many died or were prisoners
Compensation afterwards was limited African economies were further squeezed and their
dependence on primary exports deepened But import-substituting industries were established Trade unions became very important
People’s political consciousness was raised European rule came under closer questioning Africans joined with progressive voices, in Europe and
USA, in putting pressure on Europeans to end colonization
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Towards independence
The Pan-African movement from DuBois to nationalism
Resistance to colonial powers deepens and becomes less episodic after WWII
Organized political liberation movements African elites in Europe and North America
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Independence
1956: Sudan 1957: Ghana 1958: Guinea 1960: 14 French colonies + Nigeria 1963: The Organization of African Unity created to end
colonialism and promote unity and cooperation The great challenge: “create nations where there were
only states”