Hardware Issues•Antenna•Cable•Tower mounted amplifier (TMA)•Diplexer•Duplexer•Power amplifier•Filters•Filter unit (power amplifier,low noise amplifier, filters)•Radio unit (up and down converter)•Tx spectrum emission mask•Tx peak-to-average ratio
Over the Air Issues •Co-channel interference•Adjacent channelinterference•External interference•Intermodulation interference•Coverage (antenna down-tilt,direction adjustment)•QoS issues (dropped calls, blocked calls)•Network congestion (access failures)•Traffic balancing•Data throughput
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cdma2000 is a registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association. Used under license.“WiMAX,” “Fixed WiMAX,” “Mobile WiMAX,” “WiMAX Forum,” the WiMAX Forum logo,“WiMAX Forum Certified,” and the WiMAX Forum Certified logo are trademarks of the WiMAX Forum.
® Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2009 Printed in U.S.A., March 1, 20095990-3535EN
Return loss (dB)
VSWR Return loss (dB)
VSWR
46.1 1.01 19.1 1.2540.1 1.02 17.7 1.3036.6 1.03 16.5 1.3534.2 1.04 15.6 1.4032.3 1.05 14.7 1.4530.7 1.06 14.0 1.5029.4 1.07 12.7 1.6028.3 1.08 11.7 1.7027.3 1.09 10.9 1.8026.4 1.10 10.2 1.9025.7 1.11 9.5 2.0024.9 1.12 8.3 2.2524.3 1.13 7.4 2.5023.7 1.14 6.6 2.7523.1 1.15 6.0 3.0020.8 1.20 5.5 3.25
An efficient use of power is required to transmit data from the BTS to a mobile phone:• Thetransmissionlinesystemmustbefreeofdefects.• Eachtransmissionlineimperfection,everyconnection, andtheantennaitselfwillreflectsomeofthegenerated powerbacktowardthesource.
• Anyreflectedpowerwillbeabsorbedbythetransmission linesystemandsource—thisisaninefficientuseofpower.
• Theintegrityofthetransmissionlinesystem,including theantenna,mustbetested.
A common method to test the antenna feedline system:• Sendaknown,incidentsignalthroughitandmeasurethesignals(travelingwaves)that arereflectedback.
• Determinethereflectioncharacteristicsofthefeedlinesystembymeasuringtheamplituderatiosandphasedifferencesbetweenthe incidentandreflectedwaves.
• Measuringthesereflectionsgivesafigure ofmeritforevaluatingthequalityofthe transmissionfeedlinesystemcalledthe reflectioncoefficient().Fromthereflection coefficientwecancalculatethereturnloss andthevoltagestandingwaveratio(VSWR) accordingtothefollowingformulas:
Return Loss and VSWR
Incident
ReflectedCable assembly
Return loss
Return loss -20 X log
Ideal = Infinity
= =
VSWR =
VSWRIdeal = 1.0
Good = 25 dB Equates to a VSWR = 1.12
TransmittedSource
(1+ I I)(1- I I)
Reflected( )VIncidentV
Incident
ReflectedCable assembly
Return loss
Return loss -20 X log
Ideal = Infinity
= =
VSWR =
VSWRIdeal = 1.0
Good = 25 dB Equates to a VSWR = 1.12
TransmittedSource
(1+ I I)(1- I I)
Reflected( )VIncidentV
N9912A FieldFox RF Analyzer, 4/6 GHz Cable and Antenna Analyzer, Spectrum Analyzer, Power Meter, and more
N9330B Handheld Cable and Antenna Tester, 4 GHz
N9340B Handheld RF Spectrum Analyzer, 3 GHz
E7495B Wireless Base Station Test Set, 2.7 GHz
U2000 Series USB Power Sensors
Watts vs. dBm Conversion TablePower (W/mW)
dBm Power (W/mW)
dBm Power (W/mW)
dBm
200 W 53 8 W 39 800 mW 29100 W 50 6.4 W 38 640 mW 28
80 W 49 5 W 37 500 mW 2764 W 48 4 W 36 400 mW 2650 W 47 3.2 W 35 320 mW 2540 W 46 2.5 W 34 250 mW 2432 W 45 2 W 33 200 mW 2325 W 44 1.6 W 32 160 mW 2220 W 43 1.25 W 31 125 mW 2116 W 42 1 W 30 100 mW 20
12.5 W 41 10 mW 1010 W 40 1 mW 0
converter)
P = 10 logdBmP W
0.001( )
P W
dBmP 10( )Convert dBm to Watts: = 0.001 10
Convert Watts to dBm:
Return Loss vs. VSWR Conversion Table
www.agilent.com/find/handheld
Task Flow of Rolling Out a Network
Main Wireless Communication Channel Standards LAN MANTechnology GSM/GPRS/EDGE/EDGE Evolution W-CDMA FDD (UMTS) TD-SCDMA cdmaOne (TIA/EIA-95A/B/C) cdma2000® WLAN IEEE 802.11a/b/g/h/j/n (MIMO) IEEE 802.16-2004 and 802.16e (WiMAX™)Description Globalsystemformobilecommunications/
Generalpacketradioservice/EnhanceddataratesforGSMevolution/EnhancementtoGSM/GPRS/EDGE
Widebandcodedivisionmultipleaccess(Frequencydivisionduplex)
Timedivision-synchronouscode divisionmultipleaccess
cdmaOnesystem cdma2000:1xradiotransmissiontechnology1xEV-DO:1xevolutiondataoptimizedhighratepacketdata
Wirelesslocalareanetwork(LAN) Wirelessmetropolitanareanetwork(MAN)
Geography Worldwide,exceptJapanandKorea Worldwide China NorthAmerica,Korea, otherAsiancountries
SameasIS-95(cdmaOne)plusS.America,Australia,India,China,Russia,someAfrica(both),andsomeEurope(cdma2000only)
Worldwide Worldwide
Frequencyrange(UL/RL)=Uplink/Reverse(DL/FL)=Downlink/Forward(BS)=Basestation(MS)=Mobilestation
T-GSM380: 380.2to389.8MHz(UL) P-GSM900: 890to915MHz(UL) 390.2to399.8MHz(DL) 935to960MHz(DL)T-GSM410: 410.2to419.8MHz(UL) E-GSM900: 880to915MHz(UL) 420.2to429.8MHz(DL) 925to960MHz(DL)GSM450: 450.4to457.6MHz(UL) R-GSM900: 876to915MHz(UL) 460.4to467.6MHz(DL) 921to960MHz(DL)GSM480: 478.8to486MHz(UL) T-GSM900: 870.4to876MHz(UL) 488.8to496MHz(DL) 915.4to921MHz(DL)GSM750: 747to762MHz(UL) DCS1800: 1710to1785MHz(UL) 777to792MHz(DL) 1805to1880MHz(DL)GSM850: 824to849MHz(UL) PCS1900: 1850to1910MHZ(UL) 869to894MHz(DL) 1930to1990MHz(DL)
BandI: 1920to1980MHz(UL) 2110to2170MHz(DL)BandII: 1850to1910MHz(UL) 1930to1990MHz(DL)BandIII: 1710to1785MHz(UL) 1805to1880MHz(DL)BandIV: 1710to1755MHz(UL) 2110to2155MHz(DL)BandV: 824to849MHz(UL) 869to894MHz(DL)BandVI: 830to840MHz(UL) 875to885MHz(DL)
a) 1900to1920MHz(ULandDL) 2010to2025MHz(ULandDL)b)* 1850to1910MHz(ULandDL) 1930to1990MHz(ULandDL)c)* 1910to1930MHz(ULandDL)d)** 2570to2620MHz(ULandDL)*Used in ITU Region 2**Used in ITU Region 1 ITU recommendations as per 25.102 v7.7.0
824to849MHz(MSTx:US,Korea)869to894MHz(BSTx:US,Korea)
887to925MHz(MSTx:Japan)832to870MHz(BSTx:Japan)
1850to1910MHz(MSTx:US)1930to1990MHz(BSTx:US)
1750to1780MHz(MSTx:Korea)1840to1870MHz(BSTx:Korea)
Numerousbandscovered:IS-95bandsNMT450band 411to483MHz(MSTx) 421to493MHz(BSTx)800MHzbandIMT2000band 1920to1980MHz(MSTx) 2110to2170MHz(BSTx) BaseduponC.S0057
b/g: 2.4to2.4835GHz(ISM)a/h/j: 4.9to5GHz(Japan) 5.03to5.091GHz(Japan) 5.15to5.35GHz(UNII) 5.47to5.725GHz 5.725to5.825GHz(ISM,UNII)n: 2.4to2.4835GHz(ISM) 5.15to5.35GHz(UNII) 5.725to5.825GHz(ISM,UNII)
Licensed/Unlicensedbands,2to11GHz(Typical:2.3,2.5,3.5GHz)
Channelspacing 200kHz 5MHz 1.6MHz 1.23MHz(UScellularband)1.25MHz(otherbands)
1.23MHz(UScellularband)1.25MHz(otherbands)
b: 25MHz(non-overlapping), 10MHz(overlapping)inNorthAmerica; 30MHz(non-overlapping), 10MHz(overlapping)inEuropeg: 25MHza/h: 20MHzj: 20MHz,10MHzoptionn: 20or40MHz(basedonregion)
1.25to20MHz(Typical:5,7,8.75,10MHz)
n: 20 or 40 MHz (based on region)
N9912A N9912A U2000 SeriesE7495B E7495B E6474A Drive Test Optimization Platform
RF module
Cell site configuration: BTS rack
Filter module
Cableassembly
JumpersTransport
Power supply
Baseband moduleControlclock
GPS orexternal clock
T1, E1, ATM, OC3, Ethernet
UPS andbattery band Amp
Amp
Amp
Filter
Filter
Tx
Filter
Rx1 Rx2
Agilent Wireless Installation and Maintenance Solutions
6. Site
construction
7. Site equipment installFieldFox (N9912A),N9330B, N9340B,E7495B, and power meter
5. Site acquisitionE6474A, FieldFox (N9912A),and N9330B
8. BTS
configuration
3. Choose
infrastructurevendor
4. Awardvendor
contracts
2. Network designE6474A
1. Band clearingE6474A, FieldFox (N9912A),N9340B, and E7495B
11. Optimization/TroubleshootingE6474A, FieldFox (N9912A), N9340B, and E7495B
12. Acceptance testE6474A
10. Initial drive testE6474A
9. Network interconnection
Agilent SART/DNA
