Pre-breeding for Diseases Resistance in Cereals
Ahmed JahoorBreeding Manger
Breeding and Representation
Breeding:•Winter wheat•Spring BarleyRepresentation:•Wheat•Barely•Rye•Oat•Rape seed•Maize•Triticale
Skagen hvede fra Nordic SeedPå billedet ses, hvor vigtig vinterfasthed er i
Baltikum. Skagen fra Nordic Seed står, mens den anden sort er udvintret.
Emerging threats from the diseases
Historical events• Potato leaf blight• Coffee rust• Rusts and powdery mildew• Southern corn leaf blightRecent events• Stem rust (Ug99)• Stripe rust • others
Important diseases in cereals in Nordic countries
• Powdery mildew• Rusts• Net blotch• Scald• DTR• Septoria• others
Emerging diseases due to climate changes in cereals
• Fusarium in wheat and barley
• Ramularia in barley• Yellow dwarf virus in
wheat and barley• Wheat blossom midge• Stem rust (Ug99)
New race of yellow rust• (Stem rust)• Others
The requirements
• New sources of Resistance• The identification of Resistance (gene/s)• Tools to identify the resistance sources• Transfer of resistance into adopted
material• The tools for transferring new resistance
sources
The gene pool concept used by plant breeders
Sources of Resistance
• Already known resistance gene advanced linescultivars
• Unknown Resistance genes Exotic material (land races)wild relativesSynthetic wheat
• GMO
• Resistance genes created by mutations (TILLING)
Where to get New sources of Resistance
• Released varieties
• Exchange material among the breeders
• From universities and research centers
• Natinal and international Gene Banks: often uncharacterized, some time problem with MTA
• Own collection: too costly
Co-evolution between host and pathogen
• Co-evolution: It occurs between wild relatives of crop plants and their pathogens in the centre of origin and diversification
• Pathogen Park: Co-evolution of host and pathogen take places and a delicate balance exist here.
•• Delicate balance: A large number of resistance genes in
host plants and a large of virulence genes in pathogens are playing a role in the delicate balance of of nature.
• These resistance genes and virulence genes are mostly unknown
Natural population of wild barley
Transfer of R-gene
Screening of H.vulgare ssp.spontaneum against European and Israeli powdery mildew isolates
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
R-R R-I I-I R-S S-S
EuropeanIsraeli
Transfer of resistance genes from exotic/wild material
• The dominant resistance genes
• The recessive resistance genes
• The marker assisted selection
• The marker assisted back-crossing
Tools to identify resistance genes in crop plants
• With the help of host-pathogen interaction
• With the application of DNA markers
Localisation of qualitative powdery mildew resistance gene with their respective number of alleles
italic → localised in H. spontaneum
Distribution of advance lines containing new sources of resistance for winter barley to German breeders
Line Year ofdistribution
Donor Number ofbackcrosses
Resistancelocus
WI-1 1988 Rs-142-29 4 Mla
WI-2 1988 RS20-2 3 Unknown
WI-3 1989 L74-11 4 Unknown
WI-4 1989 RS2-2 4 Mla
WI-5 1989 RS111-1 4 Unknown
WI-6 1992 RS132-45 Not Mla
WI-7 1992 RS122-19 4 Unknown
WI-8 1992 RS170-A-S 4 Unknown
WI-9 1996 RS70-29 4 Mla
WI-10 1996 RS70-30 4 Unknown
Transfer of resistance genes from wild barley into cultivated barley
WI - 1 RS 142-29 * Dura * Triton * Alpaca * Tapir
WI - 2 RS 20-2 * Sonja * Kaskade * Sonate
WI – 3 L74-11 * Sonja * Kaskade * Sonate * Cosima
WI – 4 RS 2-2 * Dura * Tapir * Ermo * Corona
WI- 5 RS111-1 * Dura * Tapir * Ermo * Corona
WI – 9 RS70-29 * Sona * Cosima * Sonate * Hanna
WI-10 RS 70-30 * Dura * Marinka * Kriemhild * Dilana
Distribution of lines containing new sources of mildew resistance for spring barley to German breeders
Line Year ofdistribution
Donor Number ofbackcrosses
Resistancelocus
SI-1 1987 RS1-12 5 Mla
SI-2 1987 RS81-B-10 5 Unknown
SI-3 1989 1-B-86 5 Mla
SI-4 1989 1-B-87 4 Mlf+mlt
SI-5 1992 RS160-47 5 Linked withMla
SI-6 1992 RS-164-6 5 Mlf+mlt
SI-7 1992 RS14-C-24 4 Mla
SI-8 1996 RS42-8 5 Mli
SI-9 1996 RS42-6 5 Mlt
SI-10 1996 RS137-28 5 Mlf
SI-11 1996 HSY-78 5 Mlj
Released varieties developed with the new sources of resistance against powdery mildew originating from H. spontaneum
Camilla Streng 1997 RS1-12Peggy Streng 1998 SI-1Baccara Schweiger 1998 SI-1Sally Streng 1999 SI-1Roxana Breun 1998 1-B-53Vrena Nordsaat 2000 WI-1Havanna Breun 2000 1-B-53Alabama Lochow-Petkus 2000 SI-8Philadelphia Lochow-Petkus 2001 SI-8Marnie Breun 2002 1-B-80Venezia Bauer 2002 WI-1Denise Breun 2003 1-B-53Antalya Breun 2004 wi-7
Varieties Breeder Released year Source of resistance
Identification of Ressiatnce genes with the help of DNA markers
• Types of DNA markers
• Identification of polymorphic DNA marker
• Detection of Linkage
Application of DNA markers in resistance breeding
• Localisation of quantitative and qualitative resistance
• Identification of resistance genes
• Selection of desired genotypes in early generations
• Pyramiding of resistance genes by means of MAS
QTL analysis of powdery mildew resistance in a cross between wild barley and cultivated barley
m32p31-040m59e41-0410m48e38-2315MWG36MWG219720m31p31-0826m47e38-1336m32p31-1744MWG7549MWG80064MWG5567m59e41-0671S-921773S-11275BMag211m59e36-1277m47e41-0279m47e38-1285m47e38-1987BMac13101MWG943106m47e32-19112MWG518118BMag382127cMWG695132cMWG706a135m48e32-08137m48e38-20149m47e41-14171m41p31-12174MWG2028177m33p31-11182MWG912188m31p31-07189m47e38-14190
1HS-T650S-133-23S-2366cMWG68211m41p31-0215BMac13423m48e32-0336m47e32-0643m32p31-1153MWG6463m42p31-0669
2H
m31p31-250S-92046m31p31-1811MWG6519m41p31-1822m47e38-1026m59e38-3127m48e32-1528m47e38-1533cMWG70236m48e41-0343HVBKASI49m48e32-0152m48e32-1354BMag37864m41p31-0881MWG503a87m33p31-1889m41p31-0792S-12098m59e36-08108m59e36-07116S-217118m31p31-17124MWG82126MWG46130
m59e36-180m32p31-033cMWG6914MWG63b10m33p31-0518m59e38-0833m59e36-0434S-reg1937MWG58439m48e38-1558m48e38-0159m47e32-2062m59e38-2964cMWG68070m48e38-1674m47e32-1880BMag22592MWG555b100
m41p31-14119
MWG961133BMag13147m59e41-15153m59e41-16154S-L8156m41p31-11159m31p31-15168m41p31-09170m59e38-26183m41p31-01193
3Hm31p31-060m48e38-115m59e38-0112m59e36-0113m47e38-0318m33p31-0422m33p31-1523MWG7724MWG203329WHS17841m32p31-1653MWG5857BMac18163m48e38-1270m47e38-1176m48e38-0779m47e32-0285m48e32-2187m48e32-0590m48e32-1092m47e41-0499MWG57103m47e41-10110m48e32-17128
m48e38-18144m47e38-23146WMS6150m33p31-12159HVM67162
4Hm32p31-010MWG5302BMag2066m48e32-1110MWG56420m42p31-0722m33p31-1424MWG4a36MWG1843MWG83651m59e36-0962MWG3965m42p31-0375MWG62676m48e38-0679m47e32-0881BMag32182MWG649a83m48e32-2285m47e41-0788m47e32-0499m31p31-24107MWG53109m41p31-20114m42p31-01121cMWG633127MWG539135m32p31-06136m41p31-19141S-9203151
7H
qml1qml2
qml3
qml4 qml5
P < 0.0005
Mla
MlLa
Mlf
Pre-requisite for breeding for resistance
• Effective and new sources of resistance
• Inheritance of resistance genes
• Effectiveness of resistance in adapted material
• Number of backcrossed
• Linked DNA marker for marker assisted selection and marker assisted back crossing
Transfer of resistance gene from exotic material to adopted material
Screening for new source of resistance
Identification new sources of resistance
Planning and conducting crosses
Development of DH lines from F1
Screening for disease resistance under lab
condition
Molecular mapping of resistance genes with
Molecular markers
Screening for disease resistance under field
conditions
Data analysis (mapping)
Transfer of resistances by marker assisted selection with
DH stepsDevelopment of specific PCR markers
Transfer of resistances by backcrosses with DH steps
Summary• Identification of new sources of resistance in wild relatives and/or
exotic material
• Mode of inheritance
• Transfer of resistance genes
• Mapping of resistance genes
• Marker assisted transfer of resistance genes
• Backcrossing
