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AIM: HOW DID THE AIM: HOW DID THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD HELLENISTIC PERIOD
PRODUCE A NEW PRODUCE A NEW CULTURE? CULTURE?
Do Now: Quiz, chapter 5, section 4Do Now: Quiz, chapter 5, section 4
HW: HW: Rome, Chapter 6, section 1, focus Rome, Chapter 6, section 1, focus questionsquestions
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Questions Questions
• 1. Explain the policy of exporting the 1. Explain the policy of exporting the polis. polis.
2. How did cosmopolitanism conflict 2. How did cosmopolitanism conflict with the concept of the polis? with the concept of the polis?
3. How does the author explain the 3. How does the author explain the rise of philosophies like Stoicism? rise of philosophies like Stoicism?
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Alexander the Great
356-323 B.C.E.
Alexander the Great
356-323 B.C.E.
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Alexander the Great’s EmpireAlexander the Great’s Empire
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• Most Greeks considered Macedonians backward
– Lived in villages, not cities
– Spoke form of Greek unintelligible to other Greeks
• 359 BC, Macedonia’s fortune changed when Philip II took throne
The Rise of Macedonia
• Adopted phalanx system, but gave soldiers longer spears
• Included larger bodies of cavalry and more archers
• Conquered Greece– Faced little opposition
– Quickly crushed armies
– Conquered all but Sparta
Army Reorganization
Alexander the Great
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Alexander Becomes King
• Philip assassinated
• Title, plans for conquests fell to son, Alexander the Great
• Alexander only 20, but had been trained to rule almost from birth
• Learned warfare and politics from father, mother, and Aristotle
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Alexander’s Conquests
• Alexander faced almost immediately with revolts in Greece
• Set out to reestablish control
• Used harsh measures to show rebellion not tolerated
• Crushed Theban army and sold people into slavery, burned city
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• With Greece under control, Alexander decided to build empire
• 334 BC, led army into Asia to take on Persians
• Army relatively small, but well trained, fiercely loyal
• Persian army huge, disorganized
Empire Building
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• Within year Alexander’s army had won victory against Persians in Asia Minor
• Moved south to Phoenicia, Egypt; welcomed as liberator, named new pharaoh
• Next destroyed Persian army near Gaugamela, in what is now Iraq; caused Emperor Darius III to flee
Campaigns
Empire Building
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Expanding the Empire
With defeat of Darius, Alexander the master of With defeat of Darius, Alexander the master of Persian world Persian world
• Troops marched to Persepolis, a Persian capital, burned Troops marched to Persepolis, a Persian capital, burned it to ground as sign of victory it to ground as sign of victory
• But Alexander not satisfied with size of empireBut Alexander not satisfied with size of empire
– Led army deeper into Asia, winning more victoriesLed army deeper into Asia, winning more victories
– Led army to the Indus, perhaps to conquer IndiaLed army to the Indus, perhaps to conquer India
– Soldiers had had enough, refused to proceed farther from homeSoldiers had had enough, refused to proceed farther from home
– Alexander forced to turn back to westAlexander forced to turn back to west
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Alexander the Great in Persia
Alexander the Great in Persia
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• Alexander’s empire largest world had ever seen
• Did not rule very long
• 323 BC, Alexander fell ill while in Babylon
• Died a few days later at age 33
• Alexander died without naming heir
Death at Early Age
End of the Empire
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• Generals fought each other for power
• In the end, the empire was divided among three most powerful generals
• Called themselves kings– Antigonus became king of Macedonia
and Greece– Seleucus ruled Persian Empire – Ptolemy ruled Egypt
Power Struggle
End of the Empire
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By bringing together a number of diverse peoples in his empire, Alexander helped create a new type of culture. It was no longer purely Greek, or Hellenic, but Hellenistic, or Greeklike.
The Hellenistic World
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• Alexander made conscious effort to bring people, ideas together
• Married two Persian princesses
• Encouraged soldiers to marry Persians as well
Blending Cultures
• Appointed officials from various cultures to help rule
• Built dozens of new cities, encouraged Greek settlers to move into them
• Most new cities named Alexandria
New Cities
The Hellenistic World
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• Alexandria, Egypt
• Located at mouth of Nile, where it met Mediterranean
• Ideal location for trade
• Harbor once busiest in world
Most Famous City
The Hellenistic World
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Building Greek Cities in the East
Building Greek Cities in the East
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Center of Culture• With trade money, Alexandrians built great palaces,
streets lined with monuments; city was home to centers of culture, learning
• The Museum, temple to spirit of creativity, home to many works of art
Alexandria and Beyond
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LIBRARY AT ALEXANDRIALIBRARY AT ALEXANDRIA
Center of Learning• Library of Alexandria contained works on philosophy, literature,
history, sciences
• Alexandria remained center of culture, learning long after Hellenistic period
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Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)
Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)
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Trading Centers• Alexandria one of largest trading centers, but not only one in
Hellenistic world
• Cities in Egypt, Persia, Central Asia trading centers for Africa, Arabia, India
• Traders brought back goods, new ideas like teachings of Judaism
Alexandria and Beyond
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Trade in the Hellenistic World
Trade in the Hellenistic World
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• Shift from Hellenic Greece to Hellenistic world brought drastic changes to lives
• Most obvious change, how people were governed
• City-state no longer main political unit, replaced by kingdom
• Traditional Greek democracy gave way to monarchy
Drastic Changes
Life in the Hellenistic World
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• Lives of women also changed significantly in Hellenistic Period
• Women had few rights in earlier Greek city-states
• Lives began to improve after Alexander, though women still not equal to men
• Gained rights to receive education, own property
Life for Women
Life in the Hellenistic World
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Art and Literature
Art and literature also changed during Art and literature also changed during Hellenistic PeriodHellenistic Period
• Hellenistic artists learned to convey emotion, Hellenistic artists learned to convey emotion, movement in works, especially sculpturemovement in works, especially sculpture
• Women became much more common as subject Women became much more common as subject of art, literatureof art, literature
– Most earlier Greek statues had depicted menMost earlier Greek statues had depicted men– Love stories became popular form for first timeLove stories became popular form for first time– Earlier literature dealt with actions of godsEarlier literature dealt with actions of gods– Hellenistic writings focused on common events in Hellenistic writings focused on common events in
people’s everyday livespeople’s everyday lives
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Hellenic vs. Hellenistic Art
Hellenic vs. Hellenistic Art
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Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid
luxuries.
citizens of the world.
live a humble, simple life.
$ Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure.
all excess leads to pain!
politics should be avoided.
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Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of
divine will.
concept of natural law.
get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.
true happiness is found in great achievements.
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• Tremendous advances in science, technology during this period
• Among great Egyptian scholars, Euclid formulated many ideas about geometry we still learn about today
• Egypt also home of Eratosthenes, who calculated size of the world
• Other Hellenistic scientists studied the movement of the stars; the makeup and inner workings of the human body
Science and Technology
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• Archimedes, one of world’s greatest inventors, used knowledge of math, physics to create devices
• Developed compound pulley to lift heavy loads; also invented mechanical screw to draw water out of ship’s hold, out of deep well
Inventors
• Other inventors not as ambitious as Archimedes, but clever in own right
• One built tiny steam engine, used to power mechanical toys
• Such devices representative of Hellenistic fascination with mechanics, technology
Mechanics
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Hellenism:The Arts & Sciences
Hellenism:The Arts & Sciences$ Scientists /
Mathematicians: Aristarchus heliocentric
theory.
Euclid geometry.
Archimedes pulley.
Ptolemy geocentric theory.
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The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
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The Incursion of Rome into the
Hellenistic World
The Incursion of Rome into the
Hellenistic World