M/s Pragathi Labs & Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Secunderabad - Visakhapatnam

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Environment:- It is the interaction of living with non-living matter.Pollution:- The undesirable change in the natural conditions of the environment.

SOURCE OF POLLUTION

PRIMARY, SECONDARY POLLUANTS

Rapid Pollution Strategies

Major Environmental StrategiesAIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTIONNOISE POLLUTOINSOIL POLLUTIONBIODIVERSITY DEPLETIONDEGRADATION OF BIOMASS

PRIMARY POLLUANT

Chart4

36

38

9

8

9

Primary Air Polluants

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TranspotationFuel Combustion in Stationary SourcesIndustrial ProcessMiscellaneous

4529157

Particulate MatterCarbonmonoxideNitrogen OxideSulfuric AcidVolatile Organic Compound

3638989

Particulate Matter36

Carbonmonoxide38

Nitrogen Oxide9

Sulfuric Acid5

Volatile Organic Compound9

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45

29

15

2

7

Primary Sources

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45

29

15

2

7

Primary Sources

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Primary Air Polluants

PRIMARY SOURCES

Chart2

45

29

15

2

7

Primary Sources

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TranspotationFuel Combustion in Stationary SourcesIndustrial ProcessSolid Waste DisposalMiscellaneous

45291527

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Primary Sources

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Primary Sources

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AIR POLLUTIONIntroduction: The Change in Air Quality that imbalance the acceptable limits of natural organisms.

It may also be considered as the concentrations of gases or particles to which the natural species would be exposed to, as opposed to the concentration of pollutants emitted by a specific source. The state of quality of the air in the surrounding environment is the Ambient Air Quality.

Major Air PollutantsPollutants Radioactive compoundsNatural PollutantsDustFiner, Coarse

SOURCES Main Sources of Pollution:Transportation Industrial Agriculture Commercial 27% 53% 10% 8%Man made Sources:- Industrial Agricultural Vehicular Deforestation Power generation Mining Waste treatment plants NuclearNatural sources:- Pollen grain, Fungal spores etc.

Monitoring of Ambient Air QualityPrinciple:- to check the deterioration of air quality caused by local human activity.Control Systems:- Respirable Dust Sampler Fine Dust Sampler. Parameters of Monitoring:- SPM( TPM

Total Particulate Matter (TPM)(Diameter

Manometer Avg. Flow Rate:1.1m3/minVol. Of Air =Time X Manometer ReadingAir Flow Controls DUSTGASESRota meter Avg. Flow Rate of 24 hrs 0.1-0.2 LPMVol. Of Air =Time X Rota meter Reading

U shape manometer

SPM= Final Cone weight Initial Cone weight X 106(g /m3) Vol. of air RPM= Final F.P. weight Initial F.P. weight X 106(g /m3) Vol. of air

SPM,RPM CalibrationVolume of Air = Time in minutes X Avg. Manometer Reading

CONTROL MODULESFINE RESPIRABLE SAMPLER (2.5/10)

Micron Inlet Assembly WINS Impactor

Schematic Diagram of IPM-FDS 2.5/10

Filter Paper 2.7 mDiameter 42 mm /4.2 cmPM 10 FILTER PAPER

Principle of OperationFine dust sampler Make-IPM-FDS (Instrumex, make) was used for PM2.5 monitoring. The IPM-FDS-2.5 fine particle sampler consists of 2 sections.

The air inlet and impactor assemblyMain instrument case housing the WINS impactor, filter holder, Vacuum pump, and control module.

FPS air inlet has a circular symmetry so that air entry is unaffected by wind direction and keep out rain, insects and very large particles.

The inlet section immediately leads to an impactor stage to trap particles with an aerodynamic larger than 10 microns.

Thus air stream in the down tube consists of only medium and fine particulates. The streamlined air flow of the down tube is accelerated through the nozzle of the well shaped (WINS) impactor to trap medium size particulates with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 microns. To avoid sampling errors due to the tendency of small particles to bounce off the impaction surface a 37 mm diameter GF/A paper immersed in silicone oil is used as an impaction surface.

The air stream leaving the WINS impactor consists of only fine particulates with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 microns. These fine particles are collected on a special Teflon PTFE membrane filter of 47 mm diameter.

Installation and OperationFor PM2.5 SamplingThe air inlet and Impactor assembly.Main instrument case housing with WINS impactor, filter holder, vaccum pump & Control Module.During Transportation the air inlet assembly and PM 10 impactor section is detached from the instrument case. To set up the instrument for monitoring PM2.5 particles these steps are to be followed.Install the tripod stand and place the instrument over it.Mount the WINS Impactor on the filter holder cover.Open the WINS Impactor assembly and place a fresh 37mm diameter filter in the case and pour in 1ml of silicone oil using a dropper.Open the filter holder that follows the WINS Impactor and place the PTFE 46.2mm filter paper. Cover the filter holder and tighten the entire assembly.IPM-FDS PM2.5 Sampler is now ready for PM2.5 Particle Sampling. Follow the Instructions to operate the control module for sampling.

Installation and OperationFor PM10 Sampling

To set up the instrument for monitoring PM2.5 particles these steps are to be followed.

Install the tripod stand and place the instrument over it.Remove the air inlet and PM10 impactor assembly mounted on the top of the sampler gently. Open the sampler door and remove the down-tube mounted on the top of the WINS impactor.Now remove the WINS impactor and place it on the stand provided at right hand side corner of the instrument.Place the air inlet and PM10 impactor assembly on the top of the down-tube. Open the filter holder, place 47mm Glass fibre filter paper on it and cover the filter holder tightening the entire assembly.IPM-FDS PM2.5 Sampler is now ready for PM10 Particle Sampling. Follow the Instructions to operate the control module for sampling.

CalculationsThe PM 2.5 Concentration is calculated as PM 2.5 = (Wf-Wi)/Va Where PM2.5 = Mass Concentration of PM2.5g/m3 Wf, Wi = Final and Initial Weights respectively of filter used to collect PM2.5 particle sample g Va = Total Air Volume Sampled in actual Volume Units as Mass Flow Meter in m3

Pollutants Time weighedConcentration of Ambient Air Method of Measurement Industrial Area (g/m3)Residential Area (g/m3)Sensitive Area (g/m3)SO2Annual806015Improved West and Geake MethodUltra- violet Fluorescence24 Hours1208030NOxAnnual806015Jacob & Hochheiesar modified methodGas Phase Chemiluminescence's24 Hours1208030SPMAnnual36014070High Volume Sampling24 Hours500200100RPMAnnual1206050Respirable Particulate Matter Sampler24 Hours15010075LeadAnnual1.00.750.50ASS Method after sampling using EPM 2000/ Equivalent filter Paper.24 Hours1.51.00.75

AmmoniaAnnual0.10.10.1--------24 Hours0.40.40.4CO8 Hours5.02.01.0Non Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) Spectroscopy. 1 Hour10.04.02.0

Method of MeasurementParticulate Matter IS 11255 ( Part 1)Sulphur Dioxide-- is 1125 ( Part 2)Flow Rate IS 11255 ( Part 3)Hydrogen Sulphide IS 11255 ( Part 4) and Carbon DisulphideTotal Fluoride IS 11255 ( Part 5)