1
Aircraft Design
References:
T. C. Corke „Design of Aircraft”
http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_corke_aircraft_1
D.P. Raymer „Aircraft Design, a Conceptual Approach”
J. Roskam „Airplane Design”
D. Stinton „The Design of the Aeroplane”
E.Torenbeek „Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design”
J.D. Anderson „Aircraft Performance & Design”
J.P. Fielding „Introduction to Aircraft Design”
L.R. Jenkinson, J.F.Marchman III „Aircraft Design Projects”
2
Please:
1)Attend project consultations
2)Buy a sheet of plotting paper A2
3)Solve registration problems
We are selling aeroplanes, but what customer buys?
Customer buys an opportunity to execute defined mission.
The mission is a source of requirements for a device which
customer wants to buy.
Conclusion:
Our aeroplane has to fulfill requirement resulting from
the mission defined by customer
Why we are designing aeroplanes?
To sell them and to earn money?
3
What happens if
we design a very
good aeroplane,
but not fulfilling
customer’s
requirements?
Types of requirements:
•Technical requirements
•Competitions records rules
•Economical analyses
•Research projects
•Legal
4
Typical requirements:
•Payload
•Airspeed
•Altitude
•Range
•Endurance
•Take off distance
•Landing distance
•Price
•Airworthiness regulations: European: CS (earlier known as JAR)
American: FAR
Airworthiness regulations
CS FAR
21 Certification procedures 21
22 gliders
23 General aeroplanes (normal, utility, aerobatic) 23
25 Large aeroplanes Commercial and
transport aeroplanes
25
27 Small helicopters Normal helicopters 27
29 Large helicopters Transport helicopters 29
VLA Very light aeroplanes 103
VLR Very light helicopters
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Research, market analyses, concepts
Requirements
Conceptual design
Initial design
Detailed design
Prototypes’ fabrication
Tests
Production?
yes
yes
no
noArchive
0
100
Design
„elasticity”Cost
A B C D time
A – concept, requirements definition
B – conceptual design
C – initial design
D – detailed design
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concept requirements
payload
weights
aerodynamics
propulsionperformance
stability
structure and
materials
economy
environment
Final
design
When aircraft design ends?
prof. Sołtyk:
At the moment when last production aeroplane is
fabricated
currently:
At the moment when last production aeroplane is
scrapped
7
Trends analysis
Janes’ all the World’s Aircraft
Trends analysis
Biplane
High wing
Low wing
Low wing
Biplane
High wing
8
Trends analysis
Biplane
High wing
Low wing
Low wing
Biplane
High wing
Trends analysis
Biplane
High wing
Low wing
Low wing
9
Trends analysis
Trends analysis
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
0,65
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
m T/O [kg]
mw
/M T
/O
10
Trends analysis
• Horizontal stabilizer volume coefficient
• Vertical stabilizer volume coefficient
• Ailerons’ span
• Ailerons’ chord
• Elevator’s chord
• Rudder’s chord
• Wing’s dihedral
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Costs analysis
T. C. Corke „Design of Aircraft”
Rand Corporation
http://www.rand.org/
Price components
•Research and development
•Support of research and development
•Materials
•Engines and avionics
•Labor
•Tooling
•Quality assurance
•Flight tests
•Profit
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Materials
Cost
CMM
1970 1986 2012
Inflation!
Research and development
Number of man-hours
HE
1970 1986 2012
Technology
development