Download - Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2º D+F
THE EARLY HISTORY OF
AL-ANDALUS
The Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
By the early 8th century, Muslims
expanded from the Arabian peninsula
and controlled most of North Africa.
In 711 they crossed to the Iberian
Peninsula.
Characters• In 711, one faction requested help from
MUSA, a Muslim ruler in North Africa.
•The muslims defeated the Visigoths King
Roderic in the Battle of Guadalete.
However, Musa did not have power to their
allies.
•Abd al-Rahman I, he founded the
independent Emirate of Córdoba in 756.
THE EARLY HISTORY OF
AL-ANDALUS
Dates
In a few years they
conquered nearly all the
Iberian Peninsula. In the
mid-8th century most
members of Umayyad
were killed.
Questions
1. Which parts of the Iberian
Peninsula were not conquered
by the Muslims.
2. Who was Musa?
3. What does Abd al-Rahman
founded?
4. At what century does the
Muslims expanded?
5. What name does the Muslims
put to the capital?
THE CALIPHATE OF
CÓRDOBA
It was a period of exceptional achievement in Al-Alandalus followed thefoundation of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929. This was created by Abd al-Rahman III who became its caliphate.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMm6oKyDh0w&list=PL42D40667C080
A02E
Abd al-Rahman III ruled through a chief minister, ministers and provincialgovernors. He strengthened his authority by repressing internak revolts andresisting the Christian kingdoms in the north of the Iberian peninsula.
CHARACTERS
STAGES
The city of cordoba was one of themost populus in the world
Was the height of alandalus civilisation, when cordoba was a great cultural
centre
The role of the caliph weakenedgreatly from the late 10th century. A
general called Al- mansur becamecaliph in 976
QUESTIONS
Who created the caliphate of Cordoba?
Do you think Baixeras painting was a realistic reprsentation of the caliph´scourt? For example, were a woman
really present?
The taifa statesAfter the collapse of the caliphate of Córdoba in 1031, Al-andalus Split into many independent states called
taifas.
From
this
to
this
there were many conflicts between them. The larger states, like seville and toledo, fought against each other to take control of
smaller taifas
Which areas did
the muslimscontrol
around the year 1100?
And in 1300?
.
the Christian kingdoms took advantage of the lack of unity of al-andalus. They attacked the taifas and forced them to pay parias
The Christian kingdoms were a growing threat to the taifas, especially after they took Toledo in 1085. The following year the Muslims called for help of the
almoravids, who had established a Berber empire in northern Africa.
Which of this cities
did the muslimsstill hold
at the start of
the 14th century:
Zaragoza,Toledo,
Valencia, Cordoba , Granada?
The almoravids and the Almohads
From the 11 century, al-andalus was continually on the defensive.Twice al-andalus received military assistance from Berber Muslim
empires in North Africa.-the almoravids crossed over the Iberian peninsula in 1086. They
took over most of the taifa states. Although they won some victories against the Christian kingdoms. They fragmented into
small taifa states in 1140s.
Explainsthe
followingterms:•Taifas•Parias
A DIVERSE SOCIETY
•The Conquerors and their descendant became the most powerfullgroups in Andalus society
ARABS•From Middle East.•Were the land-owning aristocracy.•Held polithycal power.
BERBER•From North Africa.•Also helped to conquer the Iberian Peninsula.•However, they recived less land and whealth than the Arabs.•Sometimes rebelled against theirauthority.
CONQUERORS
MOZARABS AND JEWISH
Initially muslims were a small minority of population but however many christians converted
to islam
• Mozarabs• Were christians who
did not convertv toislam
• Mozarabs left the AL-ANDALUS to live inChristian north.
• The Jews• Were merchants, artisans
and scholars.• They lived in separate
neighbourhoods calledJewish quarters.
Differentarchitectures:
1.- Caliphate architecture. The most excepcional buildingWas great Mosque of Códoba. The palace at MedinaAzahara, near Córdoba, was also a fine example of caliphate architecture.
2.- Tarifa architecture. The rulers of the tarifa states built fortresses, like thecastle in Málaga. They also built palaces, such as the Aljaefería Palace inZaragoza.
3.- Almohad architecture. Buildings were fairly plain in the north Africanstyle, but they had decorative patterns. The Giralda and the Tower of Goldin Seville were outstanding examples pf Almohad architecture.
4.- Nasrid architecture. Abundant decoration was revived. Walls werecovered in plasterwork and ceramics.The Alhambra and the Generalife in granada are exceptionalexamples.
Activities
1.- Describe the social structure of Al-Andalus. Was it an equal society? Explain your answer.
2.- Explain the following terms:
• Muladi:
• Mozarab:
• Medina:
The origins of Christian
Spain
1.1Christian survival in
the north
• In Cantabria, the kingdom ofAsturias was created.• In the Pyrenees, the Kingdom ofNavarre was established. Whilethe Aragonese and Catalancounties emerged further East.
•From 711, the muslims conquered most of the IberianPeninsula, but they never took control of the north. Inthe 8th and 9th centuries, a group of small Christiansstates were precursors of the later Hispanic kingdoms:
1.2 Christian survival in the
north
For nearly 800 years, Al – Andalus and a series, of christian states existed together on the IberianPeninsula.Al- Andalus was stronger up to the 10th century. From then on, the Christian kings grew in powerand began to take Muslim territories.
The Kingdom of Asturias
In the early 8th century, anAsturian or Visigoth noble calledPelayo established the Kingdom ofAsturias. Pelayo and his followersdefeated the Muslims in the Battleof Covadonga in 722. That was thestarted of the ChristianReconquest of Al- Andalus.
Over two centuries, the Kingdom ofAsturias expanded into Al- Andalus.Under Pelayo´s successors, Oviedobecame its capital city. Alfonso III(886-910) took advantage ofconflicts in the emirate of Cordobato advance into the Duero rivervalley.
In the 10th century, thecapital wasmoved tothe city of Leon, and the kingdombecameknown as the Kingdomof Leon.
Counties and Kingdoms of the
Pyrenees
The Pyreenes formed part of the Carolingian Empire afterCarlemagne established the Hispanic March as a defensive frontireregion to defend his Empire against the Muslims. In the 9th century
the Carolingian Empire broke apart and developed 3 regions:
1. Navarre – the countIñigo Aristaexpelled theFranquish formPamplona and declared himselfKing of Pamplona. That later becamekingdom of Navarre.
2. Aragón - thecounties of Aragon, Sobrarbe andRibagorza broke away. In 820 CountAznar Galindez rose to power.
3. The Catalan counties – thecount Wilfredo the Hairywon the independencefrom the Franquish. Theymaintained good relationswith the Caliphs of Cordoba. Theindependence consolidatedin the 10th century.
Activities
• Act 1, 2 page 96
• Act 5 page 97
Esther Pérez, Maia Barba y Helena Vega
The kingdoms of León and
Castile
INTRODUCTION
•During the 11, 12 and 13 centuries.•During that time, León and Castile where closely linked toeach other.•They expanded if theyconquered new territories.•Sometimes, they were ruled bythe same monarch.•Sometimes formed separatedkingdoms.
Characters
• Count Fernán González (930-970),established his authority over all
Castile. He was a vassal of the king of León.
Other important characters:•Fernando I.•Alfonso VIII.•Fernando II.•Fernando III.
STAGES AND
PERIODS
•Kingdom of León was founded in 910•County of castile was created in 951.•In 1035 the county of Castile became
the Kingdom of Castile.•In 1230 the kindom of León and the
kingdom of Castile fusionated and became the Crown of Castile
Activities
1.- Who was Fernán González?2.- Explain the differencebetween the Kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Castile. 6.-When were León and Castile definitietly united?
Of page 98
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsXcxoGtrFw
Jimena DinastySancho III counties of Aragón,
Castile and part of León.Death: in 1035
García Sánchez: inherited Navarre. Fernando I: Inherited Castile.Ramiro I: Inherited Aragón.
Gonzalo: The counties of Sobrabe and Ribagorza.
The last king of Jimena dinastywas Sancho VII the strong.Navarre was conquered by
Fernando the Catholic.
The county of Aragón became partof the Kingdom of Navarre.
When Sancho III of Navarredied, his son Ramiro became
Ramiro I, the first king of aragón
Ramiro´s son, Sancho Ramirez reunitedthe kingdoms of Aragón and Navarre.
Ramón Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, became engaged to
marry Petronilla of Aragón.This united Aragón and the Ctalan
countries. (Crown of Aragón)
9. What do the striped areas in the timeline indicate?
10. What happened to thekingdoms of Navarre and Aragón
when Sancho III died?
Video: https://youtu.be/pmtzmqLOAVA
Over many centuries, the Christian kingdoms expanded southwards by conqueringMuslim lands. This process was called the Reconquest because they Christian kingsbelieved that they were the heirs of the Visigoths, and the Iberian Peninsula belonged tothem historically.
13th centuries advances: The battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Fallof Al-Andalus began.
The Duero: In the 9th and 10th centuries. Asturias and León.•The Muslims prerfered the Mediterranean landscape.•Never settled in the north-west.
The Tajo and the Ebro: In the 11th and 12th centuries.•Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031.•Castille and León throw the Central System.•The Crown of Aragón advanced throw the Ebro.
Was a Castilian nobleman and military leader in medieval Spain. The Moors called him El Cid, which meant the Lord and the Christians. He was born in Vivar, a town near the city of Burgos. After his death, he became Castile's celebrated national hero and the protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish epic poem, El cantar de Mio Cid.
Pag 100:Acticvities :1,2,3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ci2jTnI2qqk
Settlement in the conquered territories .
As the kingdoms advanced southwards , Christian `populations settled in the new territories:
Repopulation:• In the 9th and 10th centuries, theChristian kingdoms occupied manyuninhabited areas around the river Duero and part of the Ebro valley.•New towns were granted charters , wichdefined their rights and privileges•The land was mainly farmed by free peasants.
Land distribution:•Muslim land was mainly given tonobles in return fot their role in thereconquest.•They created several estates.•In some regions ,the muslims wereallowed to keep the land in return fortheir payment.
The military orders.•In some dangerous frontiers areas, the Christiuan kings gave the military orders ofwarrior-monks the responsability for conquering and defending territories.•The most powerful orders in Castilr were Alcántara, Calatrava and Santiago. WhileMontesa played important role in Aragón
a)Write a short explanation of the following terms:•Reconquest•Repopulation
b)Why was it important that people settled in the conqueredterritories during the reconquest?
c)Did repopulation take place inthe same way throughout the iberianpeninsula?
Repopulation sistems (centuries viii-xiii)