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• Alanoud M. Al-Talal • Office
– Pharmacy Building (8) – 2nd Floor – Room 63
• Email address – [email protected]
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King Saud University 2
Nuclear PharmacyLab #1
DANGERRadiation
risk
DANGERRadiation
risk
DANGERRadiation
risk
DANGERRadiation
risk
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King Saud University 3
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Nuclear Medicine
• A specialty of medicine and medical imaging that uses radiopharmaceuticals in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Nuclear Pharmacy
• A specialty area of pharmacy practice dedicated to the compounding and dispensing radiopharmaceuticals for use in nuclear medicine procedures.
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What are the applications of Radiopharmacy?• Diagnostic
– The radiopharmaceutical accumulated in an organ of interest emit gamma radiation which are used for imaging of the organs with the help of an external imaging device called gamma camera.
• Treatment– They are radiolabeled molecules
designed to deliver therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation to specific diseased sites.
• ResearchKing Saud University 6
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Design of a Nuclear Pharmacy
• Protection of personnel from radiation hazard.– Control of personnel radiation exposure is
performed with approved personal dosimeters, which are regularly checked and their readings recorded.
• Avoidance of contamination of work area.• Radiation detection instruments. • Clean air.• Disposal of radioactive waste.
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•Thermoluminescence Detectors – TLD• Optically Stimulated Luminescence – OSL• Film badges• Personal Radiation Detectors - PRD
Personal Monitoring
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Dispensing Area
Counting Lab
Compounding Area
Offices
Corridor
Conceptual design of a nuclear pharmacy unit
• Should be equipped with workbenches made of stainless steel or wood covered with laminated plastic
• The floor should be made of removable tiles or covered with rubber matting so it can be replaced with new ones in case of spillage
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Operation of a Nuclear Pharmacy
1. Receiving of radioactive materials2. Preparation of radiopharmaceuticals3. Quality control tests of radiopharmaceuticals 4. Storage5. Dispensing 6. Radioactive waste disposal 7. Infectious waste disposal
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Receiving radioactive materials
• Delivered directly to nuclear medicine department or nuclear pharmacy (short half-lives)
• Packages should be monitored within 3 hr if delivered during normal hours
• Packages should be monitored within 3 hr from the beginning of the next working day if delivered after working hours
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Preparation of radiopharmaceuticals• Only trained people should be responsible for and
participate in the preparation• Laminar air flow hood• Aseptic technique • Lead barrier shields (Adequate shielding must be
used to protect laboratory personnel from ionizing radiation.)
• Syringe shields• Leaded gloves, aprons, and eye glasses should be
worn• Quantity • Radiopharmaceuticals should be identified with a
label containing the information as to the total activity concentration ....
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Quality control tests of radiopharmaceuticals• LabellingThe label on the outer package should include:• a statement that the product is radioactive or the international symbol
for radioactivity• the name of the radiopharmaceutical preparation;• the preparation is for diagnostic or for therapeutic use;• the route of administration;• the total radioactivity present (for example, in MBq per ml of the solution) • the expiry date • the batch (lot) number • for solutions the total volume• any special storage requirements with respect to temperature and light;• the name and concentration of any added microbial preservative
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Radiation shielding
• Alpha and beta radiations are readily shielded because of their limited range of penetration.
• The alpha particles are mono-energetic and have a range of a few centimetres in air.
• aluminium, glass, or transparent plastic materials, are used to shield sources of beta radiation.
• Gamma radiation is commonly shielded with lead and tungsten.
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Pro-Tec II Syringe Shield
Guard Lock PET Syringe Shield
Color Coded Vial Shields
Pro-Tec V Syringe Shield
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Vial Shield
Unit Dose Pig
High Density Lead Glass Vial Shield
Sharps Container Shields
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Quality control tests of radiopharmaceuticals
• Before despising for humans• Colloidal and macro-aggregated preparation
should be checked for particle size.• Workstations and their environment should
regularly be monitored with respect to microbiological quality.
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Storage
• Should be properly stored to prevent degradation by light or temperature
• Must be stored in lead containers or behind lead shields
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Dispensing
• Starts with a prescription• Prescription should contain
– patients name– Identification no. – Age – Date time – Physician signature
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Radioactive waste disposal
• Syringes, vials containing residual activities, needles, contaminated papers, liquid waste
• According to guideline 1. Decay in storage2. Release into a sewerage system 3. Transfer to an authorized recipient (disposable
facility)4. Others (incineration and atmospheric release of
radioactive gases)
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• Radionuclides with have lives less than 120 days usually are disposed of by this method
• Radio active should be stored separately according the similar half lives • For soluble radioactive materials in water• Disposed quantity should not exceed the limits of the maximum permitted
concentrations (MPCs)• Flow rate of water• Number of radionuclide
• For long-lived radionuclide• They bury or incinerate at approved sites and facilities
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Infectious waste disposal
• Body fluids tissue • Incinerated or chemically treated,
steamed or dry sterilized • Should be stored in puncture
resistant, leak resistant bags or containers
• Should be labeled with international biohazard symbol
• Storage period King Saud University 22
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Thank You
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