Download - Ali Fitna
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Ali’s KhilafahAli’s Khilafah
The Difficult YearsThe Difficult Years
35-40 A.H.35-40 A.H.
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• Uthman was killed Friday 18Uthman was killed Friday 18thth Zi Al- Zi Al-Hijah, 35 HHijah, 35 H
• Five days later, Ali was given Bay’a Five days later, Ali was given Bay’a under the pressure of the rebelsunder the pressure of the rebels
• Madina is under rebel controlMadina is under rebel control
• Sahaba and Ali differ regarding Sahaba and Ali differ regarding priorities for the new Khalifah priorities for the new Khalifah
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IraqIraq
MisrMisr
ShaamShaam
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Rebels came from mostly 3 territirries
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Madina is in turmoil and under control of rebels
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Sahaba ask Ali to punish the murderers
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Ali wanted to stabilize and restore order to the territories (Amsar)
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Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
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Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Uthman bin Hunayf
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Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Uthman bin Hunayf
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Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Ubaydullah bin Abbas to Yemen
Uthman bin Hunayf
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Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Abu MusaUthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
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Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
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Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Sahl bin Hunayf
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
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Mu’away and Ali
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Talha and Al-Zubayr
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Army of Mecca
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Army of Mecca to Basra
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Ali moves to Al-Shaam
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Ali changes direction to catch up with Army of Mecca
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Uthman bin Hunayf
Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
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Uthman bin Hunayf
Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.
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Uthman bin Hunayf
Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.
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Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.
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Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Ali moves to Kufa
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Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
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Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Ali moves to Basra
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Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Ali moves to Basra
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Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Battle of Al-Jamal (Camel)10 Jumada II 36 A.H.
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Ali’s Army
Battle of Al-Jamal (Camel)10 Jumada II 36 A.H.
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Ali controls most Islamic states exept Shaam. Jumada II 36 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Ali and Mu’aweyaAli and Mu’aweya• Mu’aweya is asked by Na’yla* to retaliate for
Uthman*• Mu’aweya* refuses to follow Ali* before ALLALL
those participated in the revolution against Uthman are executed. Estimated ~2500 in all.
• Ali refuses to kill or surrender the rebels:– Not all rebels are involved in the murder plot (like
Ammar* bin Yaser*)– Just and fair trials have to take place– The Khalifah has to restore order first, then deliver
justice according to Islamic Shari’a
*May Allah be pleased with them and all of the Sahaba
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Ali and Mu’aweyaAli and Mu’aweya• Amr* bin Al-A’as joins Mu’aweya*
• Abdullah* bin Abi As-Sarh joins Mu’aweya
• Shurahbil bin As-Samt (Hims) calls for Mu’aweya to become Khalifa. Since there has to be a Khalifa among Muslims on Muaweya’s side.
• Ali* sees in deviding the Muslim Ummah a worse Fitna than the murder of Uthman. Decides to move with his army to Al-Shaam to restore order and unity
*May Allah be pleased with them and all of the Sahaba
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Ali moves to Shaam and reaches Seffeen in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.120,000 fighters
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Mu’aweya reaches Seffeen in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.90,000 fighters
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Ali sends Mu’aweya messengers in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Skirmishes start in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Fighting halts for Muharam 37 A.H.Negotiations restart
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Battle of Seffeen starts Wednesday, 1st Safar 37 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Battle of Seffeen continues Thursday, 7th Safar 37 A.H.Ammar is killed
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Battle of Seffeen ends friday, 8th Safar 37 A.H.Quran on the spears.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
70,000 Muslim are killed25,000 from Ali’s army45,000 from Mu’aweya’s
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Agreement of Tahkeem (Judgment) is reached 13 or 15th Safar 37 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Agreement of Tahkeem (Judgment) is reached 13 or 15th Safar 37 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Dumat Al-Jandal
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Tahkeem
• Ali realizes the trick from Mu’aweya and Amr, but his army is sharply divided over the issue. Ali accepts against his own judgment.
• Abu Musa is to represent Ali, and Amr is to represent Mu’aweya
• Contract of Judgment written in Safar 37 A.H. Actual meeting is to take place in Ramadhan 37H in Dumat Al-Jandal
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Tahkeem
• 12,000 of Ali’s army are angered by the Tahkeem. They leave the army to Harura’.
• This is the beginning of Al-Khawarej.
• Abdullah bin Abbas and Ali convince them to return to Ali’s side. (temporarily)
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Tahkeem
• Amr and Abu Musa meet in Dumat Al-Jandal in Ramadhan 37 A.H. A group of Sahaba is present.
• Tahkeem events. (Common historical myths, not supported by good references or common sense)
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Tahkeem
• Ali refuses to accept the ruling:– Still no agreement on a Khalifa.– Not based on Quran or Sunna.
• Ali’s speech in Kufa to resume fighting against Mu’aweya
• Khawarej leave Ali’s camp and ask for his Tawbah
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Fighting KhawarejFighting Khawarej
• Ali prepared his army to invade Al-Shaam.
• Al-Basra army show lack of support. 3,200 fighters show up out of 60,000.
• Kufa army responds, but demands dealing with Khawarej first.
• Ali has 68,000 fighters.
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Fighting KhawarejFighting Khawarej• Khawarej were strict and diligent worshipers with
misguided interpretation of religion.
• They lacked support of any Sahabi. (none in their camp, in contrast to Ali’s and Mu’aweya’s)
• Some hated the dominance of Quraysh over Khilafa
• Crimes of Khawarej: Abdulla bin Khabbab. Takfeer.
• Ali decides to deal with Khawarej first.
• Ali fights Khawarej and defeats them in Al-Nahrawan.
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• Ali’s army waekens:– Many killed in Seffeen– Not enough support from Basra– Many Khawarej among their clans– Tired of consecutive battles– Confused by division and Fitna
• Events of Egypt: further weakness and division
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Events of Egypt38-39 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Kays bin Saad deos not want to fight in Kharabta
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
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Muhammad bin Abu Bakr becomes Governor of Egypt
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
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Muhammad bin Abu Bakr fights in Kharabta and defeated.
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
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Al-Ashatar is murdered on his way to Egypt
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
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Mu’aweya sees an opportunity to capture rich Egypt
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
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Mu’aweya sends Amr to conquer Egypt
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
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Egypt falls to Mu’aweya and Muhammad bin Abu Bakr is killed
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
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Egypt falls to Mu’aweya and Muhammad bin Abu Bakr is killed
Mu’awya
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Mu’aweya is stronger. Sends armies to raid and capture more territories
Mu’awya
Busr bin Ata’a
Sufian bin Awf
Dhahak bin Kays
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Mu’aweya controls most Muslim teritorries
Mu’awya
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Assassination Plot Assassination Plot
• Khawarej meet to plot and revenge from Ali.
• Abdur-Rahaman bin Muljam and his co-conspirators.
• Ali is assassinated on Friday Ramadhan 15th, 40 A.H.; Dies Ramadhan 17th.
• Al-Hasan becomes the Fifth Khalifa. Then, six months later, he gives Bay’a to Muaweya to end Fitnah.
• Al-Fitnah Al-Kubra is over.