Transcript
Page 1: Alice Y. Chang1 Greek Mythology, the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

Alice Y. Chang 1

Greek Mythology , tGreek Mythology , the Homeric Hymns,he Homeric Hymns,

and Theogonyand Theogony

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Greek mythology is . . .Greek mythology is . . .

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the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their Gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.

a part of religion in ancient Greece.

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Modern scholars refer to the myths and study them in an attempt to throw light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece, on the Ancient Greek

civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of

myth-making itself.

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The Olympian gods = natural forces

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The Olympian gods, like the natural forces of sea and sky, follow their own will even to the extreme of conflict with each other, and always with a sublime disregard for the human beings who may be affected by the results of their actions.

It is true that they are all subjects of a single more powerful god, Zeus.

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Subject matters

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Greek mythology is embodied explicitly in a large collection of narratives and implicitly in representational arts, such as vase-paintings and representational arts, such as vase-paintings and votive gifts. votive gifts.

Greek myth explains the origins of the world and details the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines and other mythological creatures.

These accounts initially were disseminated in an oral-poetic tradition; today the Greek myths are known primarily from Greek literature.

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The temple of Hera

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sources

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the epic poems IliadIliad and and OdysseyOdyssey, focus on events surrounding the Trojan War.

Hesiod: the Theogony and the Works and the Theogony and the Works and DaysDays, contain accounts of the genesis of the world, the succession of divine rulers, the succession of human ages, the origin of human woes, and the origin of sacrificial practices.

Myths also are preserved in the Homeric Hymns…

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http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2010/10/20/music-of-ancient-greece-hymn-to-the-muse-by-halaris/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v3fJSn-oPo&feature=related Alice Y. Chang 9

Music of Ancient Greece - Hymn to the Muse - by Halaris

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Greek pantheon

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According to Classical-era mythology, after the overthrow of the Titansoverthrow of the Titans, the new pantheon of gods and goddesses was confirmed. Among the principal Greek gods were the Olympians, residing atop Mount Olympus Mount Olympus under the eye of Zeus. under the eye of Zeus.

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Olympian Gods

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• Zeus, Poseidon, Hades,

• Hestia, Hera, Aris, Athena, Apollo,

• Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis, Hephaestus

• 希臘神話衆神 http://memo.cgu.edu.tw/yu-yen/2008-greek-mythology1.pdf

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Greek god (Roman equivalent)

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Zeus (Jupiter)/ Hera (Juno) / Demeter (Ceres) / Artemis (Diana)/ Aphrodite (Venus)/  Eros (Cupid)/ Hermes (Mercury) / Hephaistos (Vulcan) / Poseidon (Neptune) / Apollo (Apollo) / Ares (Mars) / Athena (Minerva) / Hestia (Vesta) / Dionysus (Bacchus)/ Pan (Faunus)/ Heracles (Hercules) / Asclepius (Aesculapius) / Hades (Dis Pater) / Persephone

(Proserpine)

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Temple of Zeus (600 BCE), the largest Greek pantheon outside of Athens

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Delphi, Temple of Apollo

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普羅米修斯( Prometheus )

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普羅米修斯是一個為了人類而從奧林帕斯山山上偷走火的泰坦巨人,因而遭到宙斯給予他極為可怕的懲罰。他是艾爾佩提斯的兒子;亞特拉斯和艾皮米修斯的兄弟。 " 普羅米修斯( Prometheus ) " 在希臘語中是 " 遠見( foresight ) " 的意思。

普羅米修士與智慧女神雅典娜共同創造了人類,並教會了人類很多知識。

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The sculptor of The sculptor of this Roman this Roman

sarcophagus sarcophagus has portrayed has portrayed PrometheusPrometheus as as

a workman a workman creating mini-creating mini-

humans.humans.

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Prometheus and the eagle

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當時 Zeus 禁止人類用火,他看到人類生活的困苦,幫人類從奧林匹斯偷取了火,因此觸怒宙斯。

宙斯將他鎖在高加索山的懸崖上,每天派一隻鷹去吃他的肝,又讓他的肝每天重新長上,使他日日承受被惡鷹啄食肝臟的痛苦。然而普羅米修士始終堅毅不屈。幾千年後,赫剌克勒斯為尋找金蘋果來到懸崖邊,把惡鷹射死,並讓半人半馬的肯陶洛斯族的喀戎來代替,解救了普羅米修士。

但他必須永遠戴一隻鐵環,環上鑲上一塊高加索山上的石子,以便宙斯可以自豪地宣稱他的仇敵仍然被鎖在高加索山的懸崖上。

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PROMETHEUS & THE EAGLE

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The giant fennel

• In Greek mythology, Prometheus used the stalk of a fennel plant to steal fire from the gods. Also, it was from the giant fennel, Ferula communis, that the Bacchanalian wands of the god Dionysus and his followers were said to have come

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Fennel: marathos (μάραθος)

• The Greek name for fennel is marathos (μάραθος)

• the place of the famous battle of Marathon • the subsequent sports

event Marathon (Μαραθών), literally means a plain with fennels.

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Pandora’s Box

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Pandora ("giver of all, all-endowed") was the first woman.

As Hesiod related it, each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts.

火神赫淮斯托斯或宙斯用粘土做成的地上的第一個女人,作為對普羅米修士盜火的懲罰送給人類的第一個女人

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Pandora’s Box• 而現時當提到「 Pandora’s Box 」,通常是指潘朵拉出於好奇而打開了盒子,釋放出人世間的所有邪惡——貪婪、虛無、誹謗、嫉妒、痛苦——當她再蓋上盒子時,只剩下希望在裡面。

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罈子 Pithos 眾神亦加入使她擁有更誘

人的魅力。根據大英博物館所藏的一隻白底基里克基里克斯杯斯杯(古希臘一種雙耳淺口的大酒杯),潘朵拉的另一名字是「安妮斯朵拉」( Anesidora ),意思為「送上禮物的她」。根據神話,潘朵拉打開一個「盒子」

(應作罈子,希臘文原作πίθος , πίθοι ,英語:)。

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解釋世界上罪惡的存在 潘朵拉的神話源遠流長,以不同的版本出現,

並從不同的角度詮釋。然而,在所有的文學版本,此神話作為自然神學自然神學以解釋世界上罪惡的存在。

在西元前 7 世紀, Hesiod 在他的 TheogonyTheogony(第 570行,大概提及而並無完全指出潘朵拉的名字)及《工作與時日》( Works and Days )是最早有關潘朵拉故事的文學著作。

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"Pandora" by John William Waterhouse,

1896.

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Dante Gabriel Rossetti – Pandora

(1869)

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基里克斯杯 κύλιξ

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World map of Hecataeus (c.550-c.490 BCE):

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kosmos The Greek term used to denote denote this ordered world was Kosmosthis ordered world was Kosmos, form which we draw our word “cosmology.”

The capricious world of divine intervention was being pushed aside, making room for order and regularity; chaos was yielding to Kosmos.

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Earth is the centre of the universe.

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Nature/ physis A clear distinction between the natural and the supernatural was emerging; and there was wide agreement that causes (if they are to be dealt with philosophically) must be sought only in the natures of thing.

The philosophers who introduced The philosophers who introduced these new ways of thinking were these new ways of thinking were called by Aristotle called by Aristotle physikoiphysikoi or or physiologoiphysiologoi, from their concern , from their concern with with physis physis or nature.or nature.

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Hesiod’s Theogony

• a poem by Hesiod describing the origins and genealogies of the gods of the ancient Greeks, composed circa 700 BC.

• a large-scale synthesis of a vast variety of local Greek traditions concerning the gods, organized as a narrative that tells about the origin of the cosmos and about the gods that shaped cosmos.

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Chaos Eros and Gaia

that Chaos arose spontaneously. Chaos gives birth to Eros and Gaia

(Earth), the more orderly and safe foundation that would serve as a home for the gods and mortals, came afterwards.

Tartarus (both a place below the earth as well as a deity) and Eros (Desire) also came into existence from nothing.

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Chaos Darkness and Night

• Eros serves an important role in sexual reproduction, before which children had to be produced by means of parthenogenesis.

• From Chaos came Erebos (Darkness) and Nyx (Night).

• Erebos and Nyx reproduced to make Aither (Brightness) and Hemera (Day).

• From Gaia came Ouranos (Sky), the Ourea (Mountains), and Pontus (Sea).

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Theogony

Study Guide for Hesiod's Theogonyhttp://www.temple.edu/classics/

Theogony-guide.html

工作與時日 工作與時日 : : 神譜神譜長庚大學 三樓中文書區 長庚大學 三樓中文書區 871.31 8775 88871.31 8775 88

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http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2009/10/04/timeline-of-world-

mythology/

Timeline of World Mythology

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anthropomorphic deities

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The gods and humans shared a common history. This was a world of anthropomorphic deities

interfering in human affairs, using humans as pawns in their own plots and intrigues—acting out of spite, anger, love, lust, benevolence, pleasure, or simple caprice. The gods were also implicated in natural phenomena.

Sun and moon were conceived as deities, offspring of Theia and Huperion.

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a capricious worlda capricious world

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Storms, lightning bolts, winds, and earthquakes were not regarded as inevitable outcomes of impersonal, natural forces, but mighty feats willed by the gods.

The result was a capricious worlda capricious world, in which nothing could be safely predicted because of the boundless possibilities of divine boundless possibilities of divine interventionintervention.

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Heroes

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• Perseus, Theseus, Bellerophon• Atlanta, Heracles, Meleager

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Hercules and

Achilles

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Heracles and the Heracleidae

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Some scholars believe that behind Heracles' complicated mythology there was probably a real man, perhaps a chieftain-vassal of the kingdom of Argos.

Some scholars suggest the story of Heracles is an allegory for the sun's yearly passage through the twelve constellations of the zodiac.

Others point to earlier myths from other cultures, showing the story of Heracles as a local adaptation of hero myths already well established. Traditionally, Heracles was the son of Zeus and Alcmene granddaughter of Perseus.

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Heracles

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He is portrayed as a sacrificier, mentioned as a founder of altars, and imagined as a voracious eater himself; it is in this role that he appears in comedy, while his tragic end provided much material for tragedy — Heracles is regarded by Thalia Papadopoulou as "a play of great significance in examination of other Euripidean dramas".

In art and literature Heracles was represented as an enormously strong man of moderate height; his characteristic weapon was the bow but frequently also the club. Vase paintings demonstrate the unparalleled popularity of Heracles, his fight with the lion being depicted many hundreds of times.

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希臘神話中最偉大的英雄

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相當於羅馬神話中的赫丘利( Hercules )。宙斯底比斯( Thebes )國王之女 阿爾克墨涅之子,半人半神的他自幼在名師的傳授下,學會了各種武藝和技能,能勇善戰,成為眾人皆知的大力士。

天后赫拉非常嫉妒,曾在海格力斯年幼時派了兩條毒蛇去毒殺他,伊克力斯一看到蛇哭起上來,但兩條蛇居然被嬰兒海格力斯活活捏死了,

後來在赫拉的詛咒下,海格力斯發瘋殺害了自己三個無辜的兒子,之後由於痛苦他再也不能與妻子 蜜格拉( Megara )相處,

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英勇與贖罪

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為了贖罪他不得不替邁錫尼( Mycenae )國王 歐律斯透斯 Eurystheus )服役十幾年。海格力斯拒絕了惡德女神要他走享樂道路的誘惑,而聽從了美德女神的忠告,決心在逆境中不畏艱險,為民除害造福。

他在十二年中完成了十二項英勇業績,另外人馬 涅索斯( Nessus ),他在希臘神話中是企圖調戲海格力斯後來的妻子 伊阿尼拉( Deianira ),被海格力斯射殺。

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「海格力斯」一詞已經成為了「大力士」的同義詞。

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臨死時,涅索斯叫伊阿尼拉把自己的血藏好,若海格力斯不受管束或另結他歡時,把染血的緊身衣給海格力斯穿上就會讓他回心轉意,重回伊阿尼拉的懷抱。伊阿尼拉信以為真,誰知涅索斯的血有毒,海格力斯被毒死後升天成為神。 他神勇無比,完成了十二項英雄偉績,被升為武仙座。

此外他還參加了阿耳戈船英雄的遠征幫助伊阿宋覓取金羊毛,解救了普羅米修斯等。有關他英勇無畏,敢於鬥爭的神話故事,歷來都是文藝家們樂於表現的主題。在現代語中「海格力斯」一詞已經成為了「大力士」的同義詞。

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Housof Troy and Helen

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Homer, Iliad, and Odyssey

HOMEREighth century BCE

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朗誦史詩《伊里亞德》可能有強健身心的效果

• 動人心弦的詩篇美麗的詩句真的可以對心臟傳達情意

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Review: Minoan and Mycenaean

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Review: From Dark Age to Archaic Period

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Greek literature begins with. . .

Greek literature begins with two masterpieces, the IliadIliad and and OdysseyOdyssey, ,

which cannot be accurately dated cannot be accurately dated (the conjectural dates range over three centuries)

and which are attributed to the poet Homer, about whom nothing is known except his name.

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The blind bard Demodocus

The Greeks believed that he was blind, perhaps because the bard the bard Demodocus in the Demodocus in the Odyssey Odyssey was blind and seven different cities put forward claims to be his birthplace.

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Cithara/ Lyre

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APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER By Ingres

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Homer: Oral Tradition

It was a blurred memory (Homer does not remember the

writing, for example, or the detailed bureaucratic accounting recorded on the tablets)

and this is easy to understand: some time in the last century of the

millennium the great palaces were the great palaces were destroyed by fire. destroyed by fire.

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the Trojan War and the Trojan War and Mycenaean AgeMycenaean Age

The stories told in the Homeric poems are set in the age of the the Trojan WarTrojan War, which archeologists (those, that is, who believe that it happened at all) date to the twelfth twelfth century B.C. century B.C.

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the Mycenaean Agethe Mycenaean Age

Though the poems do preserve some faded memories of the Mycenaean the Mycenaean AgeAge, as we have them they probably are the creation of later centuries, the tenth to the eighth B.C., the so-called Dark Age that succeeded the collapse (or destruction) of Mycenaean civilization.

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Iliad and the Ionian landscape

The Iliad contains several accurate accurate descriptions of natural features of descriptions of natural features of the Ionian landscapethe Ionian landscape, but his grasp of the geography of mainland, especially western, Greece is unsure.

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About to the age of writing…

The two great epics that have made his name supreme among poets may have been fixed in something like their present form before the art of before the art of writing was in general use in writing was in general use in GreeceGreece;

it is certain that they were intended not for reading but for oral recitation.

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Oral tradition literacy• The earliest stages of their

composition date from around the around the beginnings of Greek literacy—the beginnings of Greek literacy—the late eighth century B.C.late eighth century B.C.

• The poems exhibit the unmistakable characteristics of oral composition.

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the immense poetic reserve

• Of course he could and did invent new phrases and scenes as he recited—but his base was the immense poetic reserve created by many generations of singers who lived before him.

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Franz Eugen Köhler畫的插圖金蘋果 學名 : Cydonia

oblonga 英文 : quince

圖像來源 : http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Ill

ustration_Cydonia_oblonga0.jpg

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舊約

• Song of Solomon, 金蘋果 (quince): 「一句說得合宜,就如金蘋果在銀網子裡。」 ( 箴言二十五: 11)

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潘富俊。《詩經植物圖鑑》 118-119頁。

• 《詩經》〈衛風.木瓜〉• 投我以木瓜,報之以瓊琚;• 匪報也,永以為好也。• 投我以木桃,報之以瓊瑤;• 匪報也,永以為好也。• 投我以木李,報之以瓊玖。• 匪報也,永以為好也。

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Quince and Greek Wedding

• 古希臘婚禮必備的水果,屬於 Aphrodite• Plutarch (Roman Questions 3.65) a Greek

bride would nibble a quince to perfume her kiss before entering the bridal chamber in order that the first greeting may not be unpleasant” ( 口氣清新 )

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by Frederick, Lord Leighton, 1892.

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Page 82: Alice Y. Chang1 Greek Mythology, the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

Garden of the Hesperides 蘋果園• They are sometimes called the Western

Maidens, the Daughters of Evening, and the "Sunset Goddesses", designations all apparently tied to their imagined location in the distant west.

• They were entrusted with the care of the tree of the golden apples which was first presented to the goddess Hera by Gaia (Earth) on her wedding day.

Alice Y. Chang 82

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story of Achilles and his story of Achilles and his wrathwrath

When he told again for his hearers the old story of Achilles and his story of Achilles and his wrathwrath, he was recreating a traditional story that had been recited, with variations, additions, and improvements, by a long line of predecessors.

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Alice Y. Chang 84

Page 85: Alice Y. Chang1 Greek Mythology, the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

The IliadThe IliadSing, goddess, the rage of Achilles the son of

Peleus,the destructive rage that sent countless ills on the

Achaeans...

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Iliad

• 伊里亞德是古希臘詩人荷馬的敘事史詩。是重要的古希臘文學作品,與《奧德賽》同為西方的經典之一。

• 根據有荷馬史詩人物圖像的花瓶生產時期、其他引用此詩的希臘詩歌撰寫日子推斷,本史詩應大約完成於公元前 750 或 725年。

• 《伊里亞德》這個書名,是「伊利昂城下的故事」的意思。

Page 87: Alice Y. Chang1 Greek Mythology, the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

敘述了特洛伊戰爭第十年(也是最後一年)

《伊里亞德》中幾個星期的活動。史詩以阿基里斯和阿伽門農的爭吵開始,以赫克托耳的葬禮結束,故事的背景和最終的結局都沒有直接敘述。

伊里亞德和奧德賽都只是更宏大的敘事詩傳統的一部份,此外還有許多不同長度不同作者的敘事詩作,只不過只有一些片斷流傳下來。

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風格

• 由於當時的文字系統未發展成熟,而且相信荷馬是向不識字的平民表演,所以詩中用了不少吟唱技巧。例如,他用了許多重覆的字句,而經過後人的潤飾,漸漸形成「荷馬式風格」。一些經典場景和動作也會以相似的文字來描述,但是在非希臘文的譯本,譯者為了避免單調而會選用不同的字詞來形容那些場景,沒保留這一吟唱詩的特色。

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Cassandra 'syndrome

The Cassandra metaphor (variously labelled the Cassandra 'syndrome', 'complex', 'phenomenon', 'predicament', 'dilemma', or 'curse'), is a term applied in situations in which valid warnings or concerns are dismissed or disbelieved.

Page 90: Alice Y. Chang1 Greek Mythology, the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

Richmond Lattimore translates:

• For my mother Thetis the goddess of silver feet tells meI carry two sorts of destiny toward the day of my death. Either,if I stay here and fight beside the city of the Trojans,my return home is gone, but my glory shall be everlasting;but if I return home to the beloved land of my fathers,the excellence of my glory is gone, but there will be a long lifeleft for me, and my end in death will not come to me quickly.

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Page 92: Alice Y. Chang1 Greek Mythology, the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

timê –respect, honor the concept denoting the respectability an

honorable man accrues with accomplishment (cultural, political, martial), per his station in life.

In Book I, the Greek troubles begin with King Agamemnon’s dishonorable, unkingly Agamemnon’s dishonorable, unkingly behavior behavior — first, by threatening the priest Chryses (1.11), then, by aggravating them in disrespecting Achilles, by confiscating Bryseis from him (1.171).

The warrior’s consequent rancor against the dishonorable king ruins the Greek military cause.

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Kleos— glory, fame is the concept of glory earned in heroic

battle; for most of the Greek invaders of Troy,

notably Odysseus, kleos is earned in a victorious nostos (homecoming), yet not for Achilles, he must choose one reward, either nostos or kleos.

In Book IX (IX.410–16), he poignantly tells Agamemnon’s envoys—Odysseus, Phoenix, Ajax— begging his reinstatement to battle about having to choose between two fates (9.411).

Fame imperishable

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Zeus’s divine intervention

• After that, only Athena stays Achilles' wrath.

• He vows to never again to obey orders from Agamemnon.

• Furious, Achilles cries to his mother, Thetis, who persuades Zeus’s divine intervention — favouring the Trojans—until Achilles' rights are restored.

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Page 96: Alice Y. Chang1 Greek Mythology, the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

Hector kills Patroclus. Meanwhile, Hector leads the Trojans

to almost pushing the Greeks back to the sea (Book XII);

later, Agamemnon contemplates defeat and retreat to Greece (Book XIV).

Again, the Wrath of Achilles turns the war’s tide in seeking vengeance when Hector kills Patroclus.

Aggrieved, Achilles tears his hair and dirties his face; Thetis comforts her mourning son …

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Aeneas survives the Trojan War

Divinely-aided, Aeneas escapes the wrath of Achilles and survives the Trojan War.

Whether or not the gods can alter fate, they do abide it, despite its countering their human allegiances, thus, the mysterious origin of fate is a power beyond the gods.

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Trojans and Greeks, illustration from the Vergilius Romanus

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war

Of the two poems the Iliad is perhaps the earlier.

Its subject is warIts subject is war; its characters are men in battle and

women whose fate depends on the outcome.

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the Achaeans v.s. the the Achaeans v.s. the TrojansTrojans

The war is fought by the Achaeans the Achaeans against the Trojans for the for the recovery of Helenrecovery of Helen, the wife of the Achaean chieftain MenelausMenelaus;

the combatants are heroes who in their chariots engage in individual duels before the supporting lines of infantry and archers.infantry and archers.

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Page 102: Alice Y. Chang1 Greek Mythology, the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

Hector

The great champion of the Trojans, Hector,Hector, fights bravely, but reluctantly.

War, for him, is a necessary evila necessary evil, and he thinks nostalgically of the nostalgically of the peaceful pastpeaceful past, though he has little hope of peace to come.

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Achilles slays Hector

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Hector and Achilles We see Hector, as we do not see

Achilles, against the background of the patterns of civilized life—the civilized life—the rich city with its temples and rich city with its temples and palaces, the continuity of the palaces, the continuity of the familyfamily.

The duel between these two men is the inevitable crisis of the poem, and just as inevitable is Hector’s defeat and death.

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Page 107: Alice Y. Chang1 Greek Mythology, the Homeric Hymns, and Theogony

Hector’s death

At the climactic moment of climactic moment of Hector’s deathHector’s death, as everywhere in the poem, Homer’s firm control of his material preserves the preserves the balance balance in which our contrary emotions are held;

pity for Hector pity for Hector does not entirely rob us of sympathy for Achillessympathy for Achilles.

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The Funeral of Hector

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War and Peace

This tragic action is the center of the poem, but it is surrounded by scenes that remind us that the organized the organized destruction of wardestruction of war, though an integral part of human lifeintegral part of human life, is still only a part of it.

The yearning for peace and its creative possibilities is never far below the surface.

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The Shield The Shield of Achillesof Achilles

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These two poles of the human condition—war and peace, with their corresponding aspects of human nature, the destructive and the creative—are implicit in every situation and statement of the poem, and they are put before us, in symbolic form, in the shield that the god Hephaestus makes for Achilles, with its scenes of human life in both peace and war.

Whether these two sides of life can ever be integrated, or even reconciled, is a question that the Iliad raises but cannot answer.

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Hephaestus a Greek god whose Roman equivalent was

Vulcan. He was the god of technology, He was the god of technology,

blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals, metallurgy, fire and sculptors, metals, metallurgy, fire and volcanoes. volcanoes.

Hephaestus was lame, which gave him a grotesque appearance in Greek eyes.

He served as the blacksmith of the gods, and he was worshipped in the manufacturing and industrial centers of Greece, particularly in Athens. The center The center of his cult was in Lemnosof his cult was in Lemnos.

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Mentor

Mentor was an old friend of Odysseus. To him Odysseus entrusted his household when he joined the coalition that sailed against Troy.

Athena, assuming several times the shape of Mentor , became the guide of Odysseus' son Telemachus, giving him prudent counsel. Since then, wise and trusted advisers have been called "mentors".

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Ajax taking

Cassandra, tondo of a red-figure kylix by the ,

ca. 440-430

BC, Louvre

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Telemachus and Mentor

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Preparation for oral presentations

• Decide the topics next week!


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