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Alternative Winter Cover
Crops for Virginia
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Alternative Winter Cover Crops for Virginia
• Why focus on cover crops? • Which cover crops? • When? • How? • What’s next?
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Soil Carbon and Tillage
West and Post, 2002
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Soil C and Cover Crops
West and Post, 2002
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• Cover crops offer the best opportunity to “intensify” our current row crop rotations
• Increase soil organic matter • Retain and cycle nutrients • Retain water • Manage pests?
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Water
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
Fallow Small Grain Corn Soybean
Volu
me
Leac
hed
(cm
mon
th-1
)
Figure 7 - Volume of water leached per month through soils under different crops from January 2005 to July 2010. Means with the same latter are not significantly different by F-test (P = 0.05).
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Nitrate
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Fallow Small Grain Corn Soybean
NO3-N
(kg
ha-1
mon
th-1
)
Figure 13 - Amount of NO3-N leached per hectare per month through till and no-till systems under different crops from November 2005 to July 2010. Means with the same latter are not significantly different by F-test (P = 0.05).
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K. Staver, UMd
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K. Staver, UMd
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Maryland Research
K. Staver, UMd
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What is a “CYCLE”
a course or series of events or operations that recur regularly and usually lead back to the starting point
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Which cover crop(s)?
Vaughan, 1994
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Which cover crop(s)?
• Scavenge N / Reduce Leaching • Fix N For the Following Crop • Suppress Weeds • Break Pest or Disease Cycles • Cover Soil / Prevent Erosion • Reduce Compaction / Improve Soil Structure • Water Management • Forage
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Species Demonstrations • Early Cover Hairy Vetch • Common Vetch • Wooly pod vetch (Lana) • Crimson Clover • Austrian Winter Peas
• Sweet Lupins • Tillage Radish • Phacelia
• Rye • Barley • Ryegrass • Spring oats
• Barley+Crimson+tillage radish • Rye+Vetch+Pea+tillage radish • Rye+ryegrass+tillage radish • Spring oats+canola • Spring oat+tillage radish • Spring oat + barley • Barley+Crimson+Woolly Pod
Vetch+Peas +tillage radish+canola • Ryegrass+Crimson+Woolly Pod
Vetch+Peas +tillage radish+canola
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Fall / December
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Dry
Mat
ter,
lb/a
c
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Rye Biomass
2100 lb/ac 1100 lb/ac 3490 lb/ac
390 lb/ac 796 lb/ac 199 lb/ac
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March
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Dry
Mat
ter,
lb/a
c
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Summary
• Fall growth – Rye, barley, and mixtures with them – Radish, phacelia, and spring oats
• Spring growth – Rye, barley, and mixtures with them – Vetch and clover (depending on termination)
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Summary
• Canola deserves a look • Mixtures were surprisingly good
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Planting Date Affects Fall Growth
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
26-Aug 15-Sep 05-Oct 25-Oct 14-Nov 04-Dec
Biom
ass,
lb/a
c 01-Sep
15-Sep
01-Oct
15-Oct
01-Nov
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Mar 22, 2006
Rye+Vetch Early Rye+Vetch Late
Oats Late
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2005
Species/Mix Planting
Date Feb. N Rate,
lb ac -1
Rye 4 October 0 Oats 18 October 25 Barley 10-Nov Triticale
50
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2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late Early Mid Late
Barley Barley Barley Oats Oats Oats Rye Rye Rye Triticale Triticale Triticale
Crop and time of planting
Yiel
d, to
n ac
-1
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2006
Species/Mix Planting
Date Feb. N Rate,
lb ac -1
Rye 30 Sept 0 Oats 20 October 30 Barley 10-Nov Crimson Clover Vetch Rye+Vetch
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Barley Crimson Clover Oats Rye Rye +
Vetch Vetch Control
0 0.5
1 1.5
2 2.5
3 3.5
4 4.5
Early
Mid
Late
Early
Mid
Early
Mid
Late
Early
Mid
Late
Early
Mid
Late
Early
Mid
Late
Late
DM
Yie
ld, t
on a
c-1
2006
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Some Rye is better adapted
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rye Cultivar
DM
Yie
ld, t
on/a
c - B
oot S
tage
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Nitrogen Uptake
• 2005 • 2006
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Early Mid Late
N u
ptak
e, lb
/ac
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Early Mid Late N
upt
ake,
lb/a
c
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2005
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Early Mid Late
Relative Planting Time
N U
ptak
e, lb
ac-1
Uptake potential is reduced with delayed planting!!!
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2006 Soil Nitrate
0 10 20 30 40
50 60 70 80 90
NO
3- lb
ac-1
Feb. Early
Feb. Mid
Feb. Late
May Early
May Mid
May Late
Preplant
a b c a a b
Planting Date
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Very Early Planting – to Dec 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
24-Aug 13-Sep 3-Oct 23-Oct 12-Nov 2-Dec 22-Dec
GDD,
Bas
e 32
F
Date
~2000 GDD
~1500 GDD
~1100 GDD
~700 GDD
~400 GDD
• 143 GDD to germinate • 90 GDD to emerge • 145 GDD/new leaf
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Rye Only
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
DM B
iom
ass,
kg
ha-1
Shen Valley – early September planting
After Oct 25
Little/no rain after seeding
Planted before Oct 8
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Various Crops – 50% Harvested, VASS
y = 0.1762x 2 - 13898x + 3E+08 R 2 = 0.9999
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1-Se
p
8-Se
p
15-S
ep
22-S
ep
29-S
ep
6-O
ct
13-O
ct
20-O
ct
27-O
ct
3-N
ov
10-N
ov
17-N
ov
24-N
ov
1-De
c
8-De
c
15-D
ec
Tota
l Bio
mas
s, lb
/ac
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Growth Response to Temperature
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
200 GDD 400 GDD 600 GDD
DM Y
ield
, kg/
ha
Tillage Radish Canola Phacelia Rye Barley Australian Winter Pea Woolypod Vetch Early Cover Hairy Vetch Spring Oats Ryegrass Common Vetch Crimson Clover Sweet Lupin 38
550
2250
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Seeding Methods
• We basically looked at everything with an emphasis on aerial and broadcast seeding methods
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2009 Plots
Site Seeding Date Previous Crop Conditions
Halifax 21-Oct Corn Tilled
Middlesex 1-Oct Soybean Before leaf drop
Greensville 28-Oct Soybean After leaf drop
Prince George 14-Oct Soybean 30% leaf drop
Essex 2-Oct Corn, 160 bu/ac Stalks bushogged
Northumberland 6-Oct Soybean Before leaf drop
Cover Crop Rate
Rye (assumes 56 lb/bu) 3 bu/ac
Barley (assumes 48 lb/bu) 3 bu/ac
Crimson Clover 20 lb/ac
Vetch 20 lb/ac
Rye+Crimson Clover 2 bu + 10 lb/ac
Rye+Vetch 2 bu + 10 lb/ac
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Halifax Seeding Date Previous Crop Conditions
21-Oct Corn Tilled
10/21
10/27
11/18
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Halifax, 11/18 Seeding Date Previous Crop Conditions
21-Oct Corn Tilled
Rye, 97.5%
Barley, 90%
Crimson Clover, 44.6%
Vetch, 36%
Rye+Vetch, 94%
Rye+Clover, 97%
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Middlesex, Seeding Date Previous Crop Conditions
1-Oct Soybean Before leaf drop
Rye: 20-25% Barley: 90-100% Clover: 50-60% Vetch: 40-50% Rye + Vetch: 35-40% Rye + Clover: 10-20%
11/30
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Prince George
Seeding Date Previous Crop Conditions
14-Oct Soybean 30% leaf drop
• Seeded into double-crop soybeans with straw left on field from wheat harvest
• Seeded October 14, 2009 • Soybeans had approximately 30-40% leaf drop • Rainfall occurred on October 15 • Soybeans harvested November 30 • Sandy loam soil types • Pictures 12-1-09 • I would consider this seeding a failure at this
site.
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Aerial seeding plots 12-1-09
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Essex
Seeding Date Previous Crop Conditions
2-Oct Corn, 160 bu/ac Stalks bush
hogged
Rye Barley Clover Vetch Rye+Clover Rye+Vetch
11/30
Treatments planted on October 2nd. Good soil moisture at the time of planting, but no rain for about 12 days after planting. Rye started germinating very quickly and some of it was up in 7 days or so. Barley was close behind. Took longer for the vetch and clover to germinate.
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Rye 42.4%
Barley, 40.1%
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Northumberland
Seeding Date Previous Crop Conditions
6-Oct Soybean Before leaf drop
The plot was planted October 6. Weather at that time and since has been unusually warm and wet; if there was ever a fall when seed would sprout without good soil contact, it was this one.
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Northumberland, 11/30
Seeding Date Previous Crop Conditions
6-Oct Soybean Before leaf drop
42.4%
60.6%
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Initial Observations
• Early establishment and early-season growth are key. – How much growth do we need?
• Crimson clover needs to be seeded earlier – Also Vetch?
• Mixes need to either: 1)include more legume seed or; 2) include less small grain
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Aerial/Broadcast Seeding “Success”
• 256 data points • Various species, locations, seeding dates,
seeding rates, etc. • Biomass in December (Fall), C, N, N uptake • Biomass in March (Season/Spring), C, N, N
uptake
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Aerial/Broadcast Seeding “Success”
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Aerial/Broadcast Seeding “Success” All types Rye only Legumes
Dry Matter, lb/ac in December
------% of samples------
<200 lb/ac 40% 9% 75% <800 lb/ac 46% 29% 92% >800 lb/ac 54% 61% 8%
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Planting date effects on cover crop biomass – December 10
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1 2 3 4 5
DM B
iom
ass,
kg/
ha
Barley
Rye+Hairy Vetch
Rye+Diacon radish
Rye
1 10-Sep 2 24-Sep 3 8-Oct 4 22-Oct 5 5-Nov
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
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Planting date effects on cover crop biomass – Termination (early April)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5
DM B
iom
ass,
kg/
ha
Barley
Rye+Hairy Vetch
Rye+Diacon radish
Rye
1 10-Sep 2 24-Sep 3 8-Oct 4 22-Oct 5 5-Nov
a
a
a
b
a a
a
b a a a
b
ns
ns
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Natural Leaf Drop Vs. Chemical Defoliation, Suffolk
(Dual + Prowl PRE fb Roundup + FirstRate POST to Soybean)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
DM B
iom
ass,
kg
ha-1
None
Paraquat
LSD = NS
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Natural Leaf Drop Vs. Chemical Defoliation, Blacksburg
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
None Paraquat
DM B
iom
ass,
kg
ha-1
Rye
LSD = NS
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Wheat Stubble Management Effects on Winter Cover Establishment
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Blacksburg Suffolk
Biom
ass Y
ield
, kg
ha-1
Standing Stubble
Baled Stubble
Cultipacker or Vertical tillage
Tilled
LSD = NS
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Cover Crop Species for Broadcast Seeding into Soybean Canopy
(Dual + Prowl PRE fb Roundup + FirstRate POST to Soybean in Suffolk)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Blacksburg Suffolk
DM B
iom
ass,
kg
ha-1
Rye+Radish
Rye+Vetch
Spring Oat
Spring Oat+Radish
Barley
Rye
LSD = NS
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Common soybean herbicide rotation restrictions