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Ambient Air Quality MonitoringTechnique and Methods in China
China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC)
2013-10-22
Beijing, China
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CONTENTS
• Monitoring standards and regulations
• Monitoring network and plans
• Routine monitoring method
• New monitoring method in future
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Ambient air quality standard in China
Averaging time Primary standard Secondary standard
SO2
Annual
Daily
1-hour
20
50
150
60
150
500
NO2
Annual
Daily
1-hour
40
80
200
40
80
200
PM10
Annual
Daily
40
50
70
150
PM2.5
Annual
Daily
15
35
35
75
CODaily
1-hour
4.0
10.0
4.0
10.0
O3
8-hour
1-hour
100
160
160
200
• GB3095-2012 (issued 2012)
Others: TSP, NOx, Pb, B[a]p
μg/m3(except CO)
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1. Standards and regulations
• Ambient Air quality standard• GB 3095-2012
• Monitoring methods and regulations• Technical regulation for ambient air quality index• Technical regulation for selection of ambient air quality
monitoring stations• Automated methods for ambient air quality monitoring• Manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring• ……
There are more than 40 regulations for ambient air quality monitoring
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1. Standards and regulations
MEP is now building a complete ambient air quality monitoring regulation system to improve the monitoring program
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2. Monitoring network and plans• National ambient air quality monitoring network
CNEMC
Urban air quality
National Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring Network
Regional air quality
Background air quality
Acid rain
Dust and Sandstorm
Green house gases
1436 sites
in 338 cities
31 sitespresent
15 sitesIn all
431 sites
in 347 cities
31 sites in all
82 sites in 82 cities
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2. Monitoring network and plans
• Locations of urban monitoring sites
urban sites
There are 1436 urban sites from 338 cities
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2. Monitoring network and plans
• An urban air quality monitoring site in Tianjin, China
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2. Monitoring network and plans
• An urban site usually represents an area of 25 km2 , and it was population originated
• Purpose of urban sites• Judge the attainment of air quality standard• Report the air quality information timely to public• Assess the effects of air pollutants on human health
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2. Monitoring network and plans
Good0-50
Unhealthy 151-200
Moderate51-100
Very Unhealthy201-300
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups101-150
Hazardous 301-500
AQI categories
668 urban sites from 114 cities has reported air quality index hourly
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2. Monitoring network and plans
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2. Monitoring network and plans
• Locations of regional monitoring sites
regional sites
There are only 31 regional sites, i.e. one for each province
65 other regional sites will be built during year 2013 to year 2015
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2. Monitoring network and plans
• Regional air quality monitoring site in Sichuan, China
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2. Monitoring network and plans
• A regional site usually represents an area of 20km×20km
• Purpose of regional sites• Monitoring air pollutants at regional level• Evaluate the effect of regional scale air pollution
prevention measurements • Monitoring the transferring of air pollutants between cities• Serve for the regional air quality warning and forecasting
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2. Monitoring network and plans
• Locations of background monitoring sites
background sites
There are 15 background sites, all located in national natural reserves
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2. Monitoring network and plans
• Shen Nong-jia background site in Hubei province, China
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2. Monitoring network and plans
• Purpose of background sites• Monitoring air pollutants at background level• Evaluate the effect of air pollutants on ecologic system• Used for scientific research and international
cooperation
• A background site usually represents an area of more than 50km×50km
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2. Monitoring network and plans• Monitoring parameters at each site
Parameters/Equipment
Urban site
Regional site
Background site
Dust site
Acid rain
Greenhouse
SO2 ▲ ▲ ▲ - - -
NO/NO2/NOX ▲ ▲ ▲ - - -
PM10 ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ - -
PM2.5 ★ ▲ ▲ ○ - -
CO ★ ▲ ▲ - - -
O3 ★ ▲ ▲ - - -
TSP ○ ○ ○ ▲ - -
Pb ○ ○ ○ - - -
VOCs/B[a]p ○ ○ ○ - - -
Precip./pH/EC,Ions - ▲ ▲ - ▲ -
Lidar ○ ○ ○ ○ - -
CO2/CH4/NMTH - ▲ ▲ - - ▲
▲Required
○Optional
★Required in 2016
-Not required
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3. Routine monitoring method
• Manual monitoring methods for criteria pollutants take a great part before year 2000
• Automated monitoring methods has gradually been widely used after that
• Manual reference methods of PM were used to audit and calibrate the automated instrument
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3. Routine monitoring method
Air pollutants Monitoring method
SO2 Ultraviolet fluorescent method,DOAS
NO-NO2-NOX Chemiluminescence detection method, DOAS
O3 Ultraviolet photometric method ,DOAS
CO Gas filter correlation/Non-dispersive infrared absorption method,
PM10 β -ray absorption method, TEOM
PM2.5 β -ray absorption method, TEOM
• Routine automated monitoring methods
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3. Routine monitoring method
• Automated Instruments • Abroad : Thermal fisher, Ecotech, API, Daxibi, ESA…… • Domestic: Xianhe, TH, Landun
• The domestic air quality instrument has had a great development in recent years.
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3. Routine monitoring method
• An urban monitoring site in Tianjin, China
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3. Routine monitoring method
• An urban monitoring site in Wuhan, China
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4. New monitoring method in future
• Methods: • Multi-axial differential optical absorption spectroscopy
(MAX-DOAS)• Lidar
• Applied areas• Regional transmit flux of air pollutants• Sand storm monitoring• Emission sources and industrial areas monitoring
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Remote monitoring technology MAX-DOAS
平 流 层
观测角度仪器
对流层
Multi-axial differential optical absorption spectroscopy Multi-axial differential optical absorption spectroscopy (( MAX-DOAMAX-DOA
SS))
MAX-DOAS is a kind of passive spectrum technology, it received solar spectra from different elevation angles. The absorption spectrum could be resolved to obtain the columnar concentration and profile of air pollutants (such as SO2 NO2 CO O3)
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Flux research : mobile MAX-DOAS
,i wind i car i iFlux V VCD V t IIFRSFRS IImesmes
We can research the emission flux of a single point pollution source or an industrial zone by using mobile max-doas
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v
factory
a. Point source :Through monitoring the stack plume cross section at downwind direction by using mobile max-doas, meanwhile, observing the meteorological parameter, we can get the emission flux.
FluxFlux ==∑∑ FluxFluxii
b. industrial zone:Through calculating the difference between the
influx at upwind and outflow at downwind, we can
evaluate the net flux of an industrial area
Flux 净= Flux 入- Flux 出
Flux research : mobile MAX-DOAS
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瞬态
记录仪
信号
大气
激光器 望远镜
计算机
探测器
激光雷达 (Lidar)
Remote monitoring technology Lidar
Lidar is used to monitor particles in vertical direction, for example in dust and sand storm monitoring
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Remote monitoring technology Lidar
Spherical Non-Spherical
laser laser
Laser echo
Laser echo
Depolarization radio = P⊥/ P∥
The initial emission laser was linear polarized due to the Crystal nature of laser medium.
the spherical particles do not change the polarization properties of laster echo while the non-spherical particles have obvious depolarization effects.
We can distinguish the spherical particle and non-spherical particle through the different depolarization ratio.
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coefficient of light extinction
depolarization ratio
Local pollution
Sand storm
Local pollution
Sand storm
Ice cloud
Ice cloud
water cloud
water cloud
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Environmental Monitoring center can monitor the air pollutants columnar concentration and reseach the transmission flux among dividual areas.
MAX-DOAS and Lidar were successfully applied to air quality monitoring and forecast during the 29th the Olympic Games in Beijing ,the 53th World Expo in Shanghai, and the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou.
Remote monitoring technology
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!