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Environment EnvironnementCanada Canada
Natural Resources Ressources naturellesCanada Canada
Workshop supported by
Anaerobic DigestionAnaerobic Digestionofof
Source Separated Organics (SSO) andSource Separated Organics (SSO) andMunicipal Solid Waste (MSW)Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Maria KelleherKelleher Environmental
March 2, 2006
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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✔ ?
Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview
Technical Aspects of AD How it works Types Issues/variables
Current Situation Current use of technology Future
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
How Anaerobic Digestion WorksHow Anaerobic Digestion WorksBiological ProcessBiological Process
Organic materials are broken down in theabsence of oxygen in enclosed tanks andproduce: “biogas” which is about 60% methane, and digestate, which is generally composted to
make more stable (less smelly) Compost is sold for various landscaping uses
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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How Anaerobic Digestion WorksHow Anaerobic Digestion Works
Breakdown of organic materials in alandfill same process as anaerobicdigestion
Composting accomplishes breakdown oforganic materials in presence of oxygen(aerobic process) Slower than AD Needs more space than AD
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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How Anaerobic Digestion WorksHow Anaerobic Digestion WorksTwo PhasesTwo Phases
Acid formers break down complex materials inan acidic environment
Methane formers munch up organic material andproduce biogas (60% methane)
Various vendors control the two processes indifferent ways: Different retention time in digesters (15 to 25 days) Different temperatures (thermophilic and mesophilic) Two phases in separate tanks or the same tank
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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How Anaerobic Digestion WorksHow Anaerobic Digestion WorksBiogas from DigestersBiogas from Digesters
55% to 60% methane (CH4) Remainder CO2
Water saturated Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Low pressure (1psi) Needs different levels of upgrading for
different uses
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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How Anaerobic Digestion WorksHow Anaerobic Digestion WorksBiogas Generation By MaterialBiogas Generation By Material
0.3760%Leaves0.5560%Grass0.9810%Newspaper1.0840%Brush1.8270%Food
1.8910%Cardboard, mixedpaper
2.8510%Office paper
Biogas yield-(ft3/lb)
Moisture content
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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How Anaerobic Digestion WorksHow Anaerobic Digestion WorksEnergy Production By TechnologyEnergy Production By Technology
Dry technologies use 20% to 30% of energycreated
Wet technologies appear to use more (up to50%) of energy created for in-plant needs
Wet technologies more suitable forcontaminated waste stream with lots of plastic
Dry technologies considered more suitable forgreen waste
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
How Anaerobic Digestion WorksHow Anaerobic Digestion WorksDigestion of SSO and MSWDigestion of SSO and MSW
Digestion process the same for SSO and MSW Pre-processing more extensive for mixed
municipal waste digestion More contaminants need to be removed
Gas production different More paper in MSW
For same tonnage, digester generally smaller Contaminants removed from MSW at front end of
plant
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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Types of Anaerobic DigestersTypes of Anaerobic Digesters
Wet Dry Thermophilic Mesophilic One Stage Two Stage
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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Types of DigestersTypes of DigestersOne One vsvs Two Stage Two Stage
Single Stage Longer proven track
record Simple design Lower capital costs
and technicalproblems
Similar biogas yield
Two Stage Robust (not as pH
sensitive) Lower retention time
because phasesoptimized
Potential for highergas yield
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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Types of DigestersTypes of DigestersWet Wet vsvs Dry Dry
Wet Loss of volatile
organics duringhydropulping
Not suitable forgarden wastes
Less tolerant ofcontaminants indigester
Good where plasticbag contamination
Dry Uses less water and
less energy More tolerant of
contaminants indigester
Lower powerrequirement
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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Types of DigestersTypes of DigestersMesophilicMesophilic vsvs ThermophilicThermophilic
Mesophilic Bacteria more robust
and adaptable Longer retention time
(15-30d) Larger footprint Lower gas yield
Thermophilic Higher gas yield Lower retention time
(12-14d) Higher energy use Higher maintenance
and costs
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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Main AD Design VariablesMain AD Design Variables
One Stage
Production
Wet Process
Mesophilic Process
Thermophilic Process
Dry Process
Mesophilic Process
Thermophilic Process
Two Stage
Production
Wet Process
Mesophilic Process
Thermophilic Process
Dry Process
Mesophilic Process
Thermophilic Process
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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Situation UpdateSituation UpdateExperience With AD TechnologyExperience With AD Technology
Well established for wastewater treatmentbiosolids (sludge) and industrial food processingoperations in US
50-70 digesters for animal manures in US Application of AD to municipal solid waste in
Europe and Japan in last 10 years with growingsuccess
2 AD facilities for municipal solid waste in NorthAmerica (both near Toronto) A third AD facility (Guelph) currently closed
No AD facilities for municipal solid waste in US
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
BTA HYDROPULPERBTA HYDROPULPER
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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Situation UpdateSituation UpdateAD of MSW Growing Rapidly in EUAD of MSW Growing Rapidly in EU
EU Landfill Directive - organic material must bestabilized before landfilling
75% of 1995 level by 2006 50% of 1995 level by 2010 35% of 1995 level by 2016
Stabilization accomplished through composting,digestion or incineration
Green power incentives Local utility must buy green power at 15 cents/kwhr in
Switzerland High cost of landfilling and incineration
$90 to $140/ton
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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Situation UpdateSituation UpdateEnergy From European AD PlantsEnergy From European AD Plants
Engine generator sets on site produceelectricity Sold into grid at 15c/kwhr
Gas cleaned up and injected into NGpipeline system
Convert biogas to fuel for vehicles Sell heat or steam to adjacent industry
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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Situation UpdateSituation UpdateDigestateDigestate from European Plants from European Plants
Given to farmers who apply on landwithout further stabilization
Given to soil blenders directly Stabilized in open windrow composting
sites for use as soil conditioner Compost revenue not a factor in plant
economics
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
Situation UpdateSituation UpdateDistribution of 74 Existing AD FacilitiesDistribution of 74 Existing AD Facilities
28 in Germany 12 in Switzerland 7 in Spain 5 each in Austria and Italy 4 each in Japan and France 3 each in Belgium and Netherlands 2 in Canada 1 each in Finland, Sweden and Denmark (this
may be closed), Libya, Korea and Portugal
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
Situation UpdateSituation UpdateLocations of Planned AD FacilitiesLocations of Planned AD Facilities
9 Germany 7 Spain 4 US 3 Switzerland 2 each France and Japan 1 each Martinique, Pusan South Korea,
Sydney Australia, Portugal and Italy
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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✔ ?
!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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✔ ?
!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
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Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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✔ ?
!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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Situation UpdateSituation UpdateSize of Existing FacilitiesSize of Existing Facilities
Many were small (< 20,000 t/y) until about 5years ago
Trend to larger capacity facilities A number of facilities planned to handle
100,000t/y Only one operating facility handling over 100,000t/y
Limited operating experience above 50,000t/y
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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✔ ?
Situation UpdateSituation Update74 full scale AD facilities74 full scale AD facilities
57 have <50,000 ton/year capacity 60% of these <20,000 tonne/year capacity
10 have capacities 50, 000 to 100,000tonness/y
7 are > 100,000 t/y 33 planned or under construction
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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Environmental Benefits of ADEnvironmental Benefits of AD
Supplants use of fossil fuels for electricityand heat generation
Diverts waste from landfill Produces green energy Small footprint
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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✔ ?
Future of ADFuture of AD
Will continue to develop in Europe Increasing interest in US with energy
concerns and new focus on “biomass”energy
Expensive in Canada, but interest willcontinue
Co-digestion with animal manures orbiosolids appropriate in somecircumstances
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
Evaluation of Anaerobic DigestionEvaluation of Anaerobic DigestionCostCost
$955,000 S$1,109,000
$525,000 S$601,000 M
$225,000 (S)$257,000 (M)
OperatingCosts/year
$111- $123$156-$172$257-$282Cost pertonne
$12m SSO$12.6mMSW
$7m SSO$7.3mMSW
$3m SSO$3.3m MSW
CapitalCosts
18,453t SSO24,714t M
7,338t SSO9,641t MSW
1,845t SSO2,470t MSW
Tonnageper year
200,00080,00020,000Population
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
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✔ ?
Evaluation of Anaerobic DigestionEvaluation of Anaerobic DigestionEnergy Recovery and Space RequirementsEnergy Recovery and Space Requirements
975Staffing
470kW-650kW
235kW-325kW
47kW-65kWEnergyRecovery
21.61.2Footprint(ha)
18,453t SSO24,714tMSW
7,338t SSO9,641t MSW
1,845t SSO2,470t MSW
Tonnageper year
200,00080,00020,000Population
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!Recycling maximizedRecycling maximized !Composting maximizedComposting maximized ?ResidualsResiduals
Recycling maximizedRecycling maximizedComposting maximizedComposting maximized
ResidualsResiduals
✔ ?
Evaluation of Anaerobic DigestionEvaluation of Anaerobic DigestionGHG as eCOGHG as eCO22
(6,499)(2,827)(650)MSWIncl C Seq
(17,913)(7,161)(1,791)SSOExcl C Seq
(18,173)(7,237)(1,817)MSWExcl C Seq
8,972)(3,632)(897)SSOIncl C Seq
18,453t SSO24,714t M
7,338t SSO9,641t MSW
1,845t SSO2,470t MSW
Tonnageper year
200,00080,00020,000Population