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Analysis of Shigella strains by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis
Kim N. PhamPublic Health Internship Program
School of Biological SciencesThe University of Texas at Austin
Mentor: Ana Maria Valle-Rivera, Ph.D.Molecular Biology, Microbiological Sciences Branch
Texas Department of State Health ServicesAustin, Texas
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Introduction
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Shigella speciesFamily: EnterobacteriaceaeCauses bacillary dysentery4 Serogroups:
S. dysenteriae (serogroup A)S. flexneri (serogroup B)S. boydii (serogroup C)S. sonnei (serogroup D)
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Shigella spp.S. dysenteriae
Causes the most severe illnessProduces cytotoxin, Shiga toxin Main cause of outbreaks in developing countries
S. flexneriFound most commonly in developing countries
S. sonneiPredominant in developed countriesIncrease in prevalence over last few years
S. boydiiRarely seen outside the Indian subcontinent
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CharacteristicsGram negative, facultative, anaerobic rodsLow infectious dose—10-100 bacteriaTransmission
Human-to-humanContaminated foodDrinking waterSwimming poolsFlies
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Bacillary dysenteryTriad of symptoms: cramps, urgency and painful defecation, and frequent, small volume, bloody, mucoid diarrhea
Incubation period: 12 hours to 2 days
Other symptoms include fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and myalgia
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Clinical overviewHealthy adults—self-limiting disease
Children and elderly—severe dehydration and sometimes death
Extraintestinal complications:BacteremiaSepticemiaNeurological manifestations
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EpidemiologyHighest incidence in young children 1-5 years of age
Child daycare centers
Sexually transmitted disease among male homosexuals
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Virulence FactorsInvasion plasmid antigens (Ipaproteins)Mxi-Spa proteinsIcsA and IcsB proteinsLipopolysaccharide(LPS endotoxin) Shiga toxin (only produced by S. dysenteriae)
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Pathogenesis1. Enter host
2. Attach and invade
3. Enter host cell
4. Escape phagosome
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Pathogenesis5. Multiply in cytoplasm
6. Spread
7. Trigger inflammatory response
8. Damage to host tissue
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DiagnosisCulture and isolation of organism from stool specimens
Leukocytes in stool
Biochemical and serological tests
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to fingerprint bacterial DNA
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Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
Molecular genetic method for subtyping bacteria
Compare isolates of same species
Detect minor differences in genomes
Most useful for analysis of large DNA genomes (such as bacteria)
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Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
DNA is trapped in agarose plugs and digested with restriction endonucleases
DNA fragments subject to electrophoresis on agarose gels
Fragments separate according to size
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TreatmentOral rehydrationtherapy
Antibiotics Increasing antibacterial resistance
Do not use agents that inhibit gut motility
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PurposeAnalyze strains of Shigella by PFGE
Quality control specimens from ATCC
2003 clinical isolates received by the laboratory at the Texas Department of State Health Services (TDSHS) in Austin
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Methods
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SourcesAmerican Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
Quality control specimens (42 total)Included: S. boydii (17), S. dysenteriae (12), S. flexneri (11), and S. sonnei (2)
Patient Isolates from 2003 (73)Received at the Molecular Biology Laboratory at the Texas Department of State Health Services (TDSHS) from all over the state in 2003Included: S. flexneri (66) and S. boydii (7)
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Methods Used to Analyze Shigella using PFGE
Prepare cultures
Harvest Bacteria Encase bacteria in
agarose
Digest cellular components
Wash agarose
plugs
Digest DNA with restriction enzyme
Cast gel
Stain gel Destaingel
Photograph gel
Analyze profile
Compare banding patterns
Perform PFGE
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Washing agarose plugs
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Agarose Gel Mold
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Electrophoresis system
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Gel imaging system
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Gel Image
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BioNumerics Program
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Results
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ATCC Specimens (42)S. boydii (17), S. dysenteriae (12), S. flexneri (11), and S. sonnei (2)
All strains were compared with the entire TDSHS database (>1000)
One ATCC S. flexneri 2B strain matched with a S. flexneri 2B clinical isolate in the database
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ATCC match10
0
9080
ATCC 12022
TXB04BT000617TXB05BT000516B03BT000732
B03BT000746B03BT000731
B03BT000788
010101
0101
01
XB-SHFX2B-002
XB-SHFX2B-002XB-SHFX2B-001XB-SHFX2B-003
XB-SHFX2B-004XB-SHFX2B-005
XB-SHFX2B-006
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2003 Clinical IsolatesS. flexneri (66) and S. boydii (7)
1. Compared with other 2003 isolatesa. 2 S. flexneri 2A isolates from different
patients matched each other
100
95
B03BT000790
B03BT000791
01 XB-SHFX2A-018
XB-SHFX2A-018
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2003 Clinical Isolatesb. 2 S. flexneri Y variant isolates from the same
patient did not match with each other10
0
9896
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2003 Clinical Isolates2. Compared with the TDSHS database
a. One S. flexneri 2A isolate matched a S. flexneri 2A clinical specimen from 2004
100
95
B03BT001003
TXB04BT000869 01
XB-SHFX2A-002
XB-SHFX2A-002
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2003 Clinical Isolatesa. One S. flexneri 3A isolate matched 5 other S.
flexneri 3A isolates from 2004 and 2006
100
9896
TXB04BT000910
TXB06BT000051TXB04BT000874TXB04BT000663
B03BT001426TXB04BT001268
01
XB-SHFX3A-001
XB-SHFX3A-001XB-SHFX3A-001XB-SHFX3A-001
XB-SHFX3A-001XB-SHFX3A-001
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Conclusion and Future Studies
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Additions to the TDSHS DatabaseAdded 42 ATCC specimens and 73 clinical isolates from 2003 to the TDSHS database
New additions to the database increase the power of epidemiologists to compare and identify increases in prevalence of a certain strain
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ObservationsS. dysenteriae and S. boydii banding patterns for each serotype very distinctS. flexneri isolates showed much higher number of bands in the lower half of the gel
Harder to differentiatePoorer resolutionMany more new patterns identified because of intricate differences
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Matching S. flexneri SpecimensOne 2B ATCC specimen matched a 2B isolate in the databaseOne 2A clinical isolate from 2003 matched an isolate in the databaseOne 3A clinical isolate from 2003 matched 5 other isolates in databaseTwo 2A clinical isolates from different patients in 2003 matched each other
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Why so few matches?ATCC
Few matches were expected—only one foundFrom national culture libraryCommonly seen strain of Shigella flexneri 2A
2003TDSHS receives only a fraction of samples from all over stateMost did not match each other or others in databaseThose that did matched each other—unrelated
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Two Interesting Findings2003-two different strains of S. flexneri Y variant were isolated from the same patient
The genotypes were similar but not identicalGenetic mutation cause change in banding pattern
2004-two different patients infected with same strain of S. flexneri 3A
Demographic information of two of the patients showed that they lived in neighboring citiesThese two cases may be related
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Future StudiesUse of different restriction enzyme(s) to increase resolution of banding patterns for S. flexneriEpidemiology studyCollect samples from known outbreaks
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AcknowledgmentsAna Maria Valle-Rivera, Ph.D.
Eric Casey and other members of the Molecular Biology Laboratory
Leanne Field, Ph.D.
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Special Thanks to:The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases Program