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Anatomy and Physiology of brain
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Brain cells• Neurons and neuroglia
neuroglia
In CNS In PNS
Asrocytes Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes Satellite cells
Microglia
Ependymal cells
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Neuron
• Basic units of nervous tissue
• Function as electrical impulse generation and transmission.
• Cannot regenerate when damaged
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Neuroglia/Glial cells
• Makes half of the volume of CNS
• Smaller than neurons and 5-50 times more numerous than neurons.
• Do not propagate nerve impulses
• Can regain after injury, highly growing.
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Astrocytes • Star shaped cells, have
many processes, largest and most numerous
• Two types of astrocytes-protoplasmic and fibrous
• Processes of astrocytes make contact with blood capillaries, pia matter and neurons.
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Functions of astrocytes
• strength to support neurons.• blood brain barrier.• growth and interconnection of
neurons.• chemical environment for generation
of nerve impulses by neurons.• learning and memory
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Oligodendrocytes:
• These resemble astrocytes but have fewer processes and smaller in size.
• Maintain myelin sheath around the CNS axons.
• A single oligodendrocyte may myelinate several neurons.
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Microglia:
• Small in size, contains spindle like projections
• Function as phagocytes and clear cell debris
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Ependymal cells:
• Cuboidal to columnar cells contain cillia and microvilli.
• Lines the ventricals of brain and central canal of spinal cord.
• Produce, monitor and assist in CSF circulation.
• Form blood cerebrospinal fluid barrior.
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Schwann cells:
• Form myelin sheath around the neurons.
• Single cell can line only one axon.
• Participate in axon regeneration.
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Satellite cells:
• Surrounds the cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia.
• Exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid.
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Meninges:
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CSF circulation
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choroid plexus of lateral ventricles
choroid plexus of third ventricle
choroid plexus of forth ventricle
lateral ventricles
through interventricular foramina
third ventricle
through cerebral aqueduct
forth ventricle
through lateral and median aperture
subarachnoid space
arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses
venous blood
heart and lungs
CSF
CIRCULATION
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CSF composition
• Normal CSF secretion is 20 ml/hr or 480 ml/day• Total volume is 80-150 ml• Carries oxygen and nutrients• Contains glucose, protein, lactic acid, urea,
cations ( Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (Cl, HCO3
-)• Functions are mechanical support, chemical and
nutritional.
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Brain stem:
• Consists of 3 parts:• Medulla ablongata• Pons• Mid brain
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Medulla ablongata• contains sensory and motor
tracts extends between the brain and spinal cord.
• Contains cardiovascular centre
• Medullary rythmicity area of respiratory centre
• Responsible for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing and hiccupping.
• Sensitive to touch, vibration and proprioception.
• Contains 5 pairs of cranial nerves:
• Vestibulocochlear VIII• Glossopharyngeal IX• Vagus X• Accessory XI• Hypoglossal XII• Damage to this part cause
cranial nerve alterations at the same side and paralysis in opposite side.
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Pons• contains pneumotaxic area and apneustic area
which helps in respiration.• Have 4 pairs of cranial nerves:• Trigeminal V• Abducens VI• Facial VII• Vestibulocochlear VIII
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Mid brain• connects cerebrum to medulla, pons and spinal
cord.• Reflex centre for visual activities• Helps in tracking moving objects• Helps in scanning stationary objects• Eyes, head and neck movements with moving
objects• Startle reflex• Sudden movement of head with noise• Have substantia nigra which release dopamine and
also responsible for subconscious muscle activities.
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RAS- reticular activating system
• brain stem consists of small clusters of neuronal cell bodies.• It maintains consciousness• Awakening from sleep• Muscle tone maintenance
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cerebellum
• Skilled skeletal muscle movements
• Posture and balance• Cognition and
language processing