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Anatomy & Physiology Intro(Part 2)
BME 100 - Introduction toBiomedical Engineering
James A. SmithOriginal Reference:
http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/jgallagher/
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Physiology
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Overview
• What is physiology?• From cell to human (levels of organization)• A review of the organ systems• Introduction of the concept of homeostasis• Themes in Physiology• The science of Physiology
Experimental designData
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Physiology is…
•the study of the function of all plants andanimals in their normal state.•an integrative science
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Levels of Organization
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Organ Systems
operate as integrated units
How many? Can you listthem?
Examples:Regulation of•Plasma calciumconcentration•Blood pressure•etc.
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Function and Process:Approach to Science
What is purpose or function? Why does something exist? Why does it need to be done?
What are processes involved? How does something work?
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Distinguish between Process & Function
Integrate both for complete picture!
How do we breathe?
How does bloodflow?
How do RBCstransport O2?
Why do we breathe?
Why does bloodflow?
Why do RBCtransport O2?
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Focus on . . . . (Concept)Mapping
1. Structure – function maps
2. Process maps or FlowchartsFollow process in sequence
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Key Themes in Physiology:
HomeostasisBody systems work together (Integration of
function)Internal vs. external failure of homeostasis
Communication and movementacross cell membranes
Vital to integration & homeostasisCells communicate with other cells, tissues
& organs
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• Inorganic Chemistry– C, O, H, Na, S, P, Mg, K, Ca, Fe + trace elements– Ions (variable electrons)
• Neural pathways– Isotopes (variable neutrons)
• Nuclear Medicine
• Organic Chemistry– Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen in Biomolecules– Proteins– Fats– Nucleotides (RNA, DNA)
Molecular Interactions
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Cells & Tissues
• Cells are dynamic– Stem cells: general to specialized– Apoptosis: programmed cell death
• Tissues are dynamic– How do organs change over time?
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Metabolism• “All chemical reactions that take place
within an organism”• Energy - for synthesis & movement• Enzymes = Biological Catalysts
– Lower energy requirements in conversion
ATP Cycle
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Membrane Dynamics
•• Cell membraneCell membranestructures and functionsstructures and functions–– Membranes form fluidMembranes form fluid
body compartmentsbody compartments–– Membranes as barriersMembranes as barriers
and gatekeepersand gatekeepers–– Products move acrossProducts move across
membranesmembranes–– Distribution of water andDistribution of water and
solutes in cells & the bodysolutes in cells & the body
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Homeostasis• Control Systems
– Sense & Regulate subsystems
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Temperature Regulation
• Video…– http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/11965-heat-how-the-human-
body-regulates-its-temperature-video.htm
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Matlab Control Demo
• Switch to Matlab & VR Toolbox (vpend)
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Endocrine System• The study of hormones, their receptors, the
intracellular signaling pathways they invoke, and thediseases and conditions associated with them.
• Hormones– Secreted by cells into blood– Rapid effects– Limited duration– Combinations can be useful!
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Neurons: Electrifying!
• Electrical signaling• Changes in membrane
electrical potential are thebasis for electrical signaling
• Only nerve and musclecells are excitable (= ableto propagate electricalsignals)
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Sensory Systems
•• Receptors are transducers Receptors are transducers → → convertconvertstimuli into electrical potentialstimuli into electrical potential•• Chemo- Chemo- (specific (specific ligandsligands)) and and Osmo- Osmo- ((concconc. of. of
solutes)solutes)
•• Mechano- Mechano- (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)(touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)
•• Thermo- Thermo- (temp. change)(temp. change)•• Cold receptorsCold receptors lower than body temp.lower than body temp.•• Warm receptorsWarm receptors ((37 - 4537 - 45ooC) > 45C) > 45ooC C ??
•• Photo- Photo- (light)(light)
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Muscles: Molecular Interaction
ATP ADP + Pi
• Tight binding betweenG-actin and myosin• No nucleotide bound
ATP binds ⇒ dissociation
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Myosin head acts asATPase
Released energy changesangle between head & longaxis of myosin
Rotation and weakbinding to new G-actin
Relaxedmuscle statewhensufficient ATP
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Power stroke beginsas Pi released
ADP released
Tight binding to actin
Myosin crossbridge movement pushes actin
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Heart
Depolarization
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Blood Flow• Blood pressure must be regulated• Flow from high to low pressure• Resistance: radius, viscosity and length• Too Low
– Pumping (force) cannot overcome gravity– Oxygen diminished to brain
• Too High– Weakened arterial walls -> rupture!– Cerebral hemorrhage
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Blood ControlHemostasis Hemostasis = = Opposite of hemorrhage Opposite of hemorrhage ⇒⇒ stops bleeding stops bleeding
Too little Too little hemostasis hemostasis ⇒⇒ too much bleeding too much bleeding
Too much Too much hemostasis hemostasis ⇒⇒ thrombi / emboli thrombi / emboli
Vessel damage exposes collagen fibersVessel damage exposes collagen fibers
Platelets adhere to collagen & release factorsPlatelets adhere to collagen & release factors
local vasoconstrictionlocal vasoconstriction & & platelet aggregationplatelet aggregation
decreased blood flowdecreased blood flow platelet plug formation platelet plug formation
+ feedback loop
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Functions of theRespiratory System
•• Oxygen exchangeOxygen exchange–– Air to bloodAir to blood–– Blood to cells (?)Blood to cells (?)
•• Carbon dioxide exchangeCarbon dioxide exchange–– Cells to bloodCells to blood–– Blood to airBlood to air
•• Regulation of body pHRegulation of body pH–– COCO22+H+H22OO⇌⇌HH22COCO33⇌⇌HH+++HCO+HCO33--
•• Protection from pathogens,Protection from pathogens,irritantsirritants
•• VocalizationVocalization
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The Kidneys
• Urinary Processes
180 L / day filtered, >99% reabsorbed,180 L / day filtered, >99% reabsorbed,
1.5 L/day excreted1.5 L/day excreted
1.1. Filtration, Filtration, 2.2. ReabsorptionReabsorption, , 3.3. Secretion, Secretion, 4.4. ExcretionExcretion5.5. MicturitionMicturition
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Fluid Balance
• Many subsystems!• Kidneys: key role
– Balance water viaurine concentration
– React to osmolarity,volume, bloodpressure
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The Digestive SystemMajorprocessesofdigestivesystem:1.1. MotilityMotility2.2. SecretionSecretion3.3. DigestionDigestion4.4. AbsorptionAbsorption
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The Immune System•• Three Major FunctionsThree Major Functions
1.1. Protection from disease-causing invadersProtection from disease-causing invaders
2.2. Removal of dead /damaged tissues & cellsRemoval of dead /damaged tissues & cells
3.3. Recognition & removal of abnormal cellsRecognition & removal of abnormal cells
• Immunologic “mistakes:”1. Incorrect responses: autoimmunity2. Overactive responses: allergy3. Lack of response: immune deficiency
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