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Anatomy of livestock Dr. Ashley M. Stokes
How are livestock animals different?
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Why does anatomy matter?
Cattle naturally eat: Pigs naturally eat:
Eat plants only More specific diet Grasses Minerals
Eat plant and animal matter
Varied diet Plants, roots Insects, animal matter
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What is needed to grow? Balance of nutrients from diet In people: Proteins (esp. meats) Carbohydrates (esp. plants) Fats
Animals have similar needs – they just get them in various ways
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Why does anatomy matter?
Cattle: Pig:
Cow eats grass, “bugs” in gut digest grass “bugs” give cow energy and
nutrients it needs
So eat good grass and minerals to grow well
Pigs eat plants, insects, animal products and roots pig gets energy and nutrients
directly from food don’t rely on gut “bugs” like
cattle do
So need balanced food that has everything it needs to grow well
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Anatomy differences – gut types
Cattle, sheep and goats are ruminants
Pigs are nonruminants
Have a large more complex four-chambered stomach
Allows them to eat and utilize good quality grasses
Have a simple one-chambered stomach (like people)
Require balanced diet
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Anatomy of pigs
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Anatomy of pigs Stomach helps break
down food
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Anatomy of pigs Small intestines absorb the nutrients from the food Small intestines are basically the same across all animals
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Anatomy of pigs
Large intestines absorb the rest of the nutrients and form the feces/manure
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Anatomy of chickens and ducks
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Anatomy of chickens, ducks
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Anatomy of cattle, goats, sheep
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Anatomy of cattle, goats, sheep Tongue Used for grasping in
ruminants (especially cattle) Also used to keep nose
clean (healthy cattle have a clean nose)
Teeth No upper teeth in the front Have a pad instead
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Anatomy of cattle, goats, sheep
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Anatomy of cattle, goats, sheep
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Anatomy of cattle, goats, sheep
Gas
Fluid/Grass
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Anatomy of cattle, goats, sheep
Gas: Out as burping
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Anatomy of cattle, goats, sheep
Fluid/Grass: Re-chew & Swallow = Rumination
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Ruminant diet: Good grasses in = Good results Good grasses = good ingredients for the “bugs”
Poor grasses = poor ingredients for the “bugs”
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Anatomy of horses
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Anatomy of horses
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Anatomy of horses Lips Used for grasping in horses
Teeth Grow throughout life Different than in other
food animals Require care
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Anatomy of horses
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Anatomy differences – gut types
Cattle, sheep and goats are ruminants
Pigs, chickens, and ducks are nonruminants
Have a large more complex four-chambered stomach
Allows them to eat and utilize good quality grasses
Require balanced diet
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Diet differences Herbivores consume primarily plant tissue
Carnivores consume primarily animal tissue
Omnivores consume both plant and animal tissue
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Summary of gut types and diet types Dogs Nonruminant Carnivores Cats Nonruminant Carnivores Cattle Ruminant Herbivores Sheep Ruminant Herbivores Goats Ruminant Herbivores Horses Nonruminant Herbivores
Poultry Nonruminant Omnivores Swine Nonruminant Omnivores
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