Ancient Rome

Map Assignment: Page 197Label the

following:CorsicaSardiniaSicilyPo RiverArno RiverTiber RiverMediterranean

SeaTyrrhenian SeaAdriatic SeaIonian Sea

City of Rome (and area controlled by Rome)

OstiaApennine mountain

rangeAlps mountain rangeEtruscan settlements

(purple dots)Greek settlements

(black dots)Colour the map

according to fertile, mountainous and water regions.

Italy’s Geography The Roman Empire was strategically located on

the Italian Peninsula, in the centre of the

Mediterranean Sea. Early settlers to this area easily traded with the Middle East, Greece, Egypt, Spain and North

Africa.

Very mountainous region:Travel difficult

Communication difficult

Protection from invasions

Three main rivers:PoArnoTiber

Many fertile areas

near rivers provided

many types of foods

and building supplies:WheatGrapesOlivesTimberConcrete

Rome’s Beginnings:The Romans lived on the peninsula with

two other groups: Greeks and Etruscans.

Etruscan armies soon took over most of what the Romans had.

One Etruscan family – the Tarquins – soon developed a dynasty.

Ancient Rome-Rise to Power:Part 1: (about 25 minutes)

1. What great structure did emperor Vespasian build in 70 AD?

2. What part of urban planning was the Roman’s greatest invention? 3. What helped make Rome the first ‘Superpower’ of the

world?4. There were civilized people already in Italy when the

Greeks first arrived, and these people taught the Romans

everything they knew before the Romans created their own empire. Who

were these people?5. What was Rome’s first step on their way to creating

their own empire?6. According to Roman legend, who killed his twin brother

to become the first king of Rome?

Video: Ancient Rome – Rise to Power

Section 2: 7. What was the great innovation (new idea) of king

Servius Tullius? 8. Why did the Romans decide to never again live under

the rule of a king? 9. What kind of government did they decide to create? 10. What did the Romans call the Gauls (from what is

now France) who threatened and attacked them? 11. What did Cincinnatus do that was considered so

great to the Romans?

The last Etruscan ruler – Tarquin the Proud, was overthrown by a new, stronger Rome in 509 BCE.

Rome was strongly influenced by the Etruscans, from them they had learned:

• use of the arch • aqueducts• drainage systems• walled cities

• alphabet• religion• Metal-working• Compulsory military service

The Republic:Republic – citizens elected

representatives to run the government. (only members of noble families, called

patricians)

Two groups of citizens:

Patricians – the wealthy landowning class

Plebeians – the common (lower) classThe plebeians elected two tribunes to

represent them in the senate.

Defending the Republic:Envious neighbors began attacking Rome

(Gauls, Etruscan city-states to the south etc)

Romans soon went on the offensive.

Army was organized into Legions of 5000 men.

Legions were subdivided into groups of 120 in ‘ranks’ of 10 lined up behind each other in ‘files’ of 12.

Soldiers: Hasti – young and

inexperienced. (Spears/javelins)

Principes – older, more experienced.

(stronger weapons, shields)

Triarii – veterans

Rome Flip Book (32 points):Title Page: Roman LifeInside: 1) Social Structure, pg 232-233: (2 facts for each of the four pyramid levels)2) Everyday Life: pg 234-7: a) The Family, b)

Education(3 facts for each)3) Roads, pg 253: (3 facts)4) Aqueducts, pg 254: (3 facts)5) Entertainment: pgs 240-243: a)Chariot racing, b)Gladiators, c)Baths,

d)Banquets(Give three facts for each)

The Punic Wars:Roman Republic’s first territorial interest

outside Italy was in Africa – the city of Carthage.

Carthage was a naval power and controlled several areas around Italy such as the island of Sicily.

Purple = Carthage = Phoenicians = Punics

Rome wanted control of Carthage for two reasons:

1. Carthage controlled Sicily which was rich in wheat and could therefore provide a valuable source of grain.

2. Carthage’s navy was a threat to Roman trade in the Mediterranean.

This rivalry led to the Punic Wars.

Assignment:1st Punic War:

1. In what years did the first Punic War take place?

2. What did Rome do that caused the war?

3. After Rome had been losing early on in the war, what changes did they make to their

ships which helped them eventually win?4. When the Romans won the war, what

two things did they make the losing Carthaginians

do for them?

2nd Punic War: 5. In what years did the second Punic War take place? 6. What had the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca done

to threaten Rome? 7. What had Barca’s son Hannibal done to threaten Rome? 8. What did Rome demand Hannibal do? 9. What promise had Hannibal made to his father? 10. What was unusual about the way in which Hannibal

attacked Rome? 11. Was Hannibal successful in his cavalry attack on the

Romans? Explain. 12. What did the Romans do to Hannibal’s brother

Hasdrupal? 13. When the Carthaginians realized they had lost, they

asked for peace, what did they offer the Romans as reparations (repayments) for the war? 14. How did Hannibal react to his defeat at the battle of

Zama-the only defeat in his military career?

3rd Punic War:15. In what years did the third Punic War

take place?16. What had the Carthaginians done to

cause the third war?17. How did the Romans react/feel about

what the Carthaginians had done?18. What did the Romans do to the city

of Carthage?19. What happened to the people of

Carthage?20. What happened to the land/territory

in North Africa where Carthage was located?

Ancient Rome: Expansion and Conquest

1. From which people did the Romans steal their early weapons and armour?

2. From which people did the Romans steal the basic organization of their military?

3. Which other empire did Rome begin fighting with for territory in North Africa, Spain etc?

4. How did the Romans learn to build ships for their navy?

5. Who did Rome see as the first real threat to the survival of its empire?

6. What did General Marius give to his veteran soldiers in the army?

Ancient Rome:http://vjessome.wikispaces.com/

Click on: Social Studies 10

Scroll down to:A) On-line quizzes (complete these)B) On-line games (have fun)C) No other websites-these only!

Decline of the Roman Republic:

Rome was spreading its rule – demanding more taxes and enslaving more people.

The gap between rich and poor was growing bigger. The rich hated and feared the poor, a.k.a “the mob”.

Popular leaders tried to improve conditions for the poor.

Reformers (also brothers who were Tribunes):

Tiberius Gracchus:Wanted to limit the amount of land one

family could own.Wanted to divide public land and give

to the poor. The Senate was not happy with him and provoked a riot; Tiberius and his

followers were murdered.

Gaius Gracchus:

Gave free wheat and grain to the poor.

Senate had his followers arrested and killed, he fled and committed suicide.

•Felt the poor should be moved from the city back to the country.

Gaius Marius:Military General

Reformed the army by opening it to

everyone. Provided uniforms, weapons and training to soldiers.

Offered land and pensions to the poor.

Lucius Sulla:He opposed

Marius, invaded Rome and defeated him.

Sulla declared himself a dictator and forbid Generals to command for more than one year.

Ancient Rome: Expansion and Conquest Part 2: (10 mins-27:27-37:27)

7. Who was the first general to use the loyalty of his army to seize power in Rome?

8. Besides being a good politician, what did Caesar need in order to improve his reputation and power?

9. When Caesar was called back to Rome by the senate, why didn’t he want to return to Rome without his army?

Julius Caesar:When Sulla retired, a new group of

Generals fought for control of Rome.Forming a triumvirate (Ruled by three)

Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar.J.C. believed in one man rule!When Crassus died, Caesar and Pompey

fought for power in a civil war. When Pompey was murdered, Caesar gained

power. “Vini, Vidi, Vici”

“I came, I saw, I conquered” – Julius Caesar

Caesar’s Accomplishments:Public works projects (roads, buildings)Redistributed state land and founded new

Roman colonies overseasGladiatorial games that were freeIncreased size of Senate (lessening the

power of each Senator)Increased soldier’s pay to secure their

loyaltyGave Roman citizenship to Greeks,

Spaniards and Gauls.Created the Julian calendar.

J.C. appointed himself “Dictator for Life” over Rome’s citizens.

This did not keep his popularity with the senators.

March 15, 44 BCE – 60 men, mostly senators, carried

out a plot to assassinate Caesar. Known as “The Ides of

March”, it was when Caesar was stabbed to death.

The Roman people then turned against those conspirators who had killed Caesar.

Led by Caesar’s nephew Octavian, forces were gathered to execute more than 2000 enemies of Rome.

Political power turned to another triumvirate, ruled by Octavian and two others.

Ancient Roman Bingo:AugustusBarbariansCarthageConsulsDictatorDiocletianEtruscansLatinsMartyrs

ApolloLegionMediterrane

anMobPatriciansPlebeiansRepublicSpartacusTiber

TribunesTriumvirateGracchusMarius CaesarGladiatorAqueductsBathsDivination

The Second Triumvirate

Augustus Caesar (Octavian): Octavian became sole ruler in 4 years. Ruled with absolute power, but did not flaunt it

(he remembered what happened to Caesar).

Considered the first ‘Emperor of Rome’

Worried about his protection, so he did two things:1. Had every soldier swear allegiance to him

personally.

2. He chose people to help him rule based on their ability, not their social class.

The Pax Romana:A.C. is thought to have brought peace to

the Roman Empire. This time period became known as the

Pax Romana. (Roman Peace)He did not try to gain more territory.Made Rome more beautiful, set up a fire

brigade and a police force.Had his own protective force, the Praetorian.

After he died, several rulers were his descendants and were unpopular tyrants:

Tiberius: was too tight with money, didn’t spend it on public games.

Caligula: was insane, named his horse a consul, was assassinated by Praetorian Guard.

Nero: vain, cruel, revengeful-ordered the assassination of many people he felt were opponents.

After Nero, Senate and army played more active role in selecting emperor.

Between 96 and 180 CE, era called “Five Good Emperors”, such as:

Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius

These rulers kept the senate informed, consulted it regularly, sought its approval.

Under the Five good emperors:Kept taxes low and provided workCivilization flourished

Hundreds of cities built in territories and connected with paved roads.

Latin became common language throughout the empire-forming basis of French, Spanish, Italian, Portugese, Romanian.

The Pax Romana continued for about 200 years after Augustus Caesar died.

The Empire started to collapse for numerous reasons such as:

1. No set rule of who inherited the title of Emperor, therefore power struggles.

2. No new money (gold) coming to Rome because no new territories were being conquered.

3. Problems with the military.4. Foreign invasions.5. Divisions between rich and poor, freemen

and slaves.

Constantine’s Change:

Two emperors made attempts to save the empire:

Diocletian: Divided the empire into two parts; east and west. He ruled the east and allowed someone else to rule the west.

Constantine 1st: After first trying to control both parts of the empire, he eventually gave up and moved the capital city to Constantinople (Turkey).

In 410 CE, Germanic tribes conquered the city of Rome.

The End

• Geography of Italy (effects of, description of, rivers etc)• Foods and building supplies near rivers• Rome’s beginnings (Etruscan rule and influence on Romans)• Government of the Republic (patricians, plebeians, tribunes etc)• Defending the republic• Types of soldiers• Cause of Punic Wars• Decline of the Republic (reasons for)• Reformers (Gracchus, Marius, Sulla etc)• Julius Caesar (rise to power, accomplishments, assassination)• Octavian and the second triumvirate• Pax Romana• Tyrants emperors vs five good emperor (examples + differences)• Collapse of the empire (reasons for)• Diocletian and Constantine

For the Test:

Unit Questions assignment:Roman Government (pg 219):

1. Why was power distributed between different

individuals and governing bodies?2. a) What were consuls? b) What kinds of things did they do as their

job?3. a) What was a dictator under the

Republic? b) Why would the Romans appoint a

dictator?

Law and Justice (pgs 224-225):4. a) Who insisted that Roman laws be

recorded?b) Why did they insist this?5. a) What were the laws written on?b) Where were they displayed?6. What aspects of Roman life did the laws

cover?7. When dealing with disputes between

private individuals, who did the Romans use as a

model for their laws?

Roman Sciences (pgs 253-256):8. Explain the quote “All roads lead to Rome”.9. What are two ways in which these roads were

remarkably better than earlier roads?10. What were three things that were located at specific

intervals along these roads?

11. a) What are aqueducts? b) Why were they constructed?12. What did doctors rely on in the early days of the

Republic to fight disease?13. Why were doctors looked upon with suspicion?

14. How did doctors of the time learn about the

Human body and how to perform operations?

15. Why don’t we consider the Roman system of

mathematics to be sophisticated?16. Give three examples of where you see

Roman numerals used in today’s society?17. a) Where did the Romans get their first calendar?b) Who imposed a new calendar in 45 BCE?c) What was this calendar called?

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (p 215-16):

18. a) When did the decline of the Roman Empire begin?

b) Why did this happen?19. What did Emperor Diocletian decide to do in

order to stop revolts within the Empire?20. How was the city of Rome, and the Roman

Senate affected by Diocletian’s plan?21. Who became sole Emperor in 324 CE?22. Who was the last Roman Emperor?23. Who were barbarians, according to the

Romans?24. a) What year was the “Fall of the Roman

Empire”?b) What was the “final blow” to the once mighty

empire?

1st Punic War (264-241 BCE):Rome violated a treaty with Carthage

and invaded Sicily. Rome lost at sea early on, but won

on land; eventually were victorious overall after modifying ships and building more.

Phoenicians paid money and surrendered Sicily where Rome founded its first province.

2nd Punic War (218-202 BCE): Carthenian general (Hamilcar Barca) had conquered parts of Spain. His son Hannibal commanded the Spanish armies and pressed farther north on Spain’s coast capturing one of the few remaining independent cities. Rome demanded he surrender the city, but he refused. Hannibal had promised his dad to always be an enemy of Rome so he attacked Italy by crossing the Alps (mountains) on elephants. He lost half his infantry but he was successful against the Romans. Rome was devastated and many towns surrendered to Hannibal. Hannibal’s brother Hasdrubal came with reinforcements but the Romans surprised them and killed them/him and threw his head into Hannibal’s camp. After Hannibal was defeated, he killed himself. Carthage agreed to pay 10 000 talents as reparations and

surrendered its empire and fleet.

3rd Punic War (149-146 BCE):Carthage violated the peace treaty by

building up its military again.Rome was furious and decided that the

city should be destroyed.Carthage was completely defeated.Romans plundered, burned and then

ploughed the city under, sowing the ground with salt so that nothing would grow.

Anyone not killed became a slave, and north Africa became a province of Rome.