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Animal diversity and relationships
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Living forms
• At least 30 phyla• But only x “important” ones
Importance = numerous, ecologically important, and fit into our conceptions of evolution
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Porifera = sponges
Assymetrical, 2 cell layers , internal silica spicules = skeleton.
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Cnideria, jellyfish, corals
Radially symmetrical, 2 cell layers, one ended digestive system. Often with algae inside to provide nourishment
Light sensitivity.
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Ctenophora – comb jellies
Bilateral, one ended gut, marine
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Platyhelminthes = flat worms. Three cell layers, no body cavity, one ended digestive system, brain, nerves, many are parasitic.
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Two ended digestive system
Head and tail, have an internal cavity – not solid.
Very numerous in soil.
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Annelida = segmented worms; bigger most free living. Have nerves, three cell layers, true body cavity = coelom, circulatory system, excretory system. Skin breathing and many have legs. Some carnivorous, soil eaters or leaches – blood suckers
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Mollusca: clams, snails, squid, octopus, slugs
Two ended gut, nerves, circulation, filter feeders or carnivorous. Some (squid, octopus) with eyes, brain, etc.
Remnants of segmentation – chitins.
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Arthropods – joint leg = insects, crustacea
Segmented, brain, sense organs, excretory system
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Echinoderms – pentaradiate,
Starfish, urchins, sea lillys.
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Chordata, including vertebrata . Backboned organisms.
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The fossil recordHow to determine relationships – try fossils first.
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Burgess Shale in British Columbia, a unique preservation at the right age.
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Segmented worms (with legs?)
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arthropods
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Chordate – similar to early members of this group
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sponge
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????
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Result of fossil record: all major groups plus some other odd ones appear
almost simultaneously = no sequental appearance.
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How to make sense out of diversitywithout fossils.
Rules: simple to complex
symmetry (assymetrical, radial, bilateral)
Cell layers – 1 to 2 to 3
Embryology - (old ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny statement of Haeckel)
Digestive system design; one ended to two ended
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Ernst Haeckel, 1866; “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” = early stages of development mirror evolutionary changes.
Note – gill clefts in all embryos, tail present, etc.
Basis; development is often incremental – add new stages to old – harder to change the beginning stages.
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Classic example of this, the aortic arches in vertebrates.
Start with a complete set; need gill arches to deposit them.
All embryos have gill clefts and a complete set of arches
To get to adult stages, loose some of the arches.
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Phylum porifera; sponges. assymetrical
Because of assymetry, doesn’t fit into any neat story – so viewed as a development separate from everything else.
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Symmetry, bilateral or radial
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Jellyfish, corals, radial
cnideria
Radial symmetry plus one ended digestive system = primitive
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Bilateral symmetry; all other groups.
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Clues from development
1. Hollow ball of cells
2. Then 2 cell layers, one opening,radial symmetry= cnidaria
3. Then three cell layers – new opening
bilateral symmetry = all higher forms
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Cell layers 2 vs 3. sponges and cnideria = 2
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Digestive system – one ended vs. two ended
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Flatworms – bilaterial but with one openning to digestive system
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Other ‘worms’ – two ended digestive system.
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So: 1 – no symmetry, followed by radial and then bilateral - porifera oldest
then cnidaria, then everything else
2. one ended gut, followed by 2 ended.
3. 2 cell layers, followed by three
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Now what?
Use embryology – the great Protostome – Deuterostome split
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Protostomes vs deuterostomes
• First opening = mouth• Determinate clevage• Spiral clevage• Mesoderm = 4d cell• Schizocoel coelom
• First opening = anus• Indeterminate clevage• Radial clevage• Mesoderm = infolding• Endocoel coelom
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Protostomes – how to organize• Classical method
mesoderm – solid to pseudocoelom to true coelom
one ended gut to two ended
no segments to segments
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Body cavity (coelom) in relation to mesoderm
Solid mesoderm = no coelom = flatworms
acoelomate
Coelom partially lined with mesoderm = roundworms
pseudocoele
Coelom completely lines with mesoderm =
Segmented worms, vertebrates, etc.
true coelom
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Result =
Flatworms – one opening dig system, solid (acoelomate)
Round worms; two openings dig system pseudocoel
Seg. Worms (annelids) segments true coelom
Arthropods – trilobite = segmented and legs
Molluscs = chitin, segmented. Odd –legs??
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Trilobite = arthropoda
Chitin = mollusca
Marine worm = annelida
All segmented.
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Deuterostome, protostome split
Protostomes groups by segmentation.
Link segmentation together
Note: Classical classification((it’s wrong))
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New phylogeny
• Lophotrochozoans
• Filter feeders
• Ecdysozoans
• Shell shedders
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Two phylogenies: left based on hypothesized relationships, right based on
Both genetic similarity and time. Right is correct in that all major groups appear almost simultaneously (brushpile evolution)
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Note: flatworms,mollusc and annelid together// no arthropods
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Arthropods and round worms in this group.
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Central position of flatworms as ancestral.
Question marks.
separate
Ecdysozoans
Shell shedders
segmented
NEXT
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How come the old phylogeny wrong?
1. Segmentation arose more than once – not a unifying trait
2. Some organisms, especially parasites (flatworms, roundworms) may have gotten simpler in structure through time.
3. A poor choice of “unifying” characters.