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Plant Science Pamphlet No. 16 ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT
January, 1989
Progress Report 1988 Central Crops and Soils Research Station Highmore, South Dakota
• Plant Science Department South Dakota State University Brookings, South Dakota 57007
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TABLE OF CClfl'ENTS
Advisory Board. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2
Introduction ..••...••...•..••..••••••...••.•••..••...•••....••.• · ·• 3
Weather Inf ora,at ion •••• , •••••••••••••••••••••• , • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • S
Perennial Warm-Season Grass Breeding............................... 7
Wann-Season Annual Grass Production................................ 8
Summer Annua 1 Leaume Pr od.uc t i on • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • 10
Alfalfa Seeding Rate Experiment.................................... 12
Alfalfa Cultivar Yield Test
Alfalfa Cultivar Yield Test
1987 •••••.••••••••••..•.•••.••••... • •
1988 •••••••••••••••••.•.••••••••••.••
14
18
Alfalfa Seed Chalcid Bioloay and Taxonomy ••••••••••••.•.•••••••••.• 21
The Influence of Fertilizer Phosphorus on Crested Wheatgrass ••••..• 22
Oat Research. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . . . • • . • • • • • • . . . . . • • 26
Spr i nr Wheat Breedi na. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Small Crain Trials - Crop Performance Testing ••••••••••••.•..•••••• 28
Winter Wheat Breeding. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 30
Corn Breedi n1 Project. . . • . . • • . . • • . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 31
Soybean Research. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32
Nitrogen Additions for Corn. • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . • • • . • • • • • . . . 34
Cheatgrass in Winter Wheat· Herbicide Research ••••••...•••.••••••• 36
Winter Wheat/Kochia Screening· Herbicide Research •••....•.••••.••• 38
Crain Sorghum Screening· Herbicide Research ••••..•.....•...•••.... 40
Corn Herbicide Demonstration •••••.••...••.••.•••.•.•.....•.••••.••• 42
Field Evaluation of Woody Plant Materials ••••••••.•••..•••.•••••.•• 44
Drip Irrigation Project - Highmore 1988 ••••••••...•••.•••...•....•• 46
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AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY GROUP CENTRAL CRCP.3 AND SOILS RESEARCH STATION, 1988
HIGBIIORE. SOUTH DAKOTA
Scott Ingle Val Coetz Reno Veskrna Brad Bonhorst Randy Hague Jake Vilhauer-Alternate Robert Sorensen Ted Swanson Doug Marsh Sherman Dronen Brad Farber Maurice Horton Mike Volek
Cavour Onaka St. Lawrence Pierre Highmore Highmore Wessington Springs Gettysburg Onida Huron SDSU SDSU Highmore
Beadle County Faulk County Hand County Hughes County Hyde County Hyde County Jerauld County Potter County Sully County Soil Conserv. Serv. Sta ti on Manager Head, Pl. Sci. Dept. Ag. Technician
THE COCPERATIVE F.XTENSIOO SERVICE Dr. llylo Hellickson, Acting Director
Lawrence Carson Dick Fadgen Jeff Lounsbery Ken Wonnenberg Rod Frederick Paul Weeldreyer Cail Dobbs Tidemann
Wessington Springs Huron Uil I er Pierre High.more Onida Extension Supervisor
Jerauld County Beadle County Hand County Hughes County Hyde County Sully County
87-90 88-91 87-88 68-91 85-89
85-88 85-88 86-89
This report of the Central Crops and Soils Research Station al Highmore, South Dakota is a progress report and, therefore, the results presented are not necessarily complete nor conclusive. Any interpretation given is tentative because additional data from continuation of these experiments may produce conclusions different from those of any one year. The data presented in this report reflect the 1968 growing season.
Commercial companies and trade names are mentioned in this publication solely for the purpose of providing specific information. Mention of a company does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of its products by the Agricultural Experiment Station or an endorsement over products of other companies not mentioned.
This publication also reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and Federal agencies before they can be recommended. A complete set of 1988 results from SDSU herbicide demonstrations is available as Extension Circular 678 from your County Agent or SDSU.
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Brookings, South Dakota 57007
Dr. David Bryant, Dean Dr. Raymond Moore, Director
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JtffROOUCTION ••.••••.•••.••••.••.•••.•••.•••..••.• Brad C. Farber. llanager
This progress report marks the completion of the 89th consecutive year of agricultural research at the Central Crops and Soils Research Station at Highmore, South Dakota. Research began in the Spring of 1899 shortly after Highmore residents, Frank and Lillie Drew, donated 117 acres of land on the outskirts of Highmore. This land was given to the Agricultural Experiment Station with the stipulation that research be conducted to determine "drought resisting forage crops".
Much of the current research at this station continues to emphasize the development, improvement and management of forages suited to environmental conditions that exist in central South Dakota. New forages are continually being evaluated and Highmore serves as a testing location for selecting new varieties of existing forage crops.
Small grains and row crops have also been evaluated since the farm began, for resistance to the various environmental and bioJoaical stresses. This station generally allows plant breeders the ability to evaluate their experimental materials under more adverse conditions than those in eastern South Dakota.
Other ongoing research on this station includes: determining nitrogen requirements for corn in central South Dakota; weed control demonstrations in wheat, corn, sorghum, and other crops; potential new crops for the central area; soybean research; establishment of trees using drip irrigation; and evaluation of trees and shrubs for central South Dakota.
Weather conditions at the research farm in 1988 were similar in many respects to the rest of South Dakota. However, total rainfall for the year was only two inches below average (Table 4). The primary stress that damaged nearly all crops in 1988 was the severe heat. Table 3 shows that temperatures in all months from March through August were above the Jong-term average. June heat most likely hurt yields of small grains more than moisture stress. Precipitation and temperature data for 1987 are also included since a progress report was not printed in 1987 (Tables 1 and 2).
Maintenance and repairs to the residence and seedhouse were begun in 1988. All windows were replaced and new vinyl siding installed on the residence. Similar work will begin on the seedhouse in the spring of 1989. This maintenance was long overdue and will add 9reatly to the function and appearance of these facilities. A new 10 x 14' insulated garage door was added to the west end of the maintenance shop in 1988. This will allow backing of tractors and implements into the shop without unhitching and enable us to repair and maintain equipment during winter months. Two present garage doors on the south side will be closed in to make the shop more energy efficient.
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The annual twili1ht tour of research plots was held on June 22 t .W988. The lao:r QS well llitemied atHi ,a-rlielpants lisla:ned to tiJ1lus on SJ;n�\I if"liin �ari tia�. hur�iciiio ovalI1Z1tions 1 faTage r�rcb, palenll•I new fora1••• alfalfa aeedina rates, and tree establishment. Members of U.S. Wheat, the South Dakota Wheat Connisaion, and wheat industry/aovernment officiate from several forei,n countries toured the farm on Auruat 9, 1988.
Th harri work of (I.Vor:v·°" inYDl ved In conducti 111 U10 res-ffllJ'ch 1 input a.nd pr�H an. of !lho hm 'by Advisory Saanf memtien: and. County A1enua I and moat of aJJ support from producers and ranchers in the area is areatly appreciated. If anyone has connents or suagestions pertainin1 to research on the farm or questions and input on any other matter, please write or call.
Address correspondence to:
Or. Ray Moore Director A1ricultural Experiment Station South Dakota State University Brookings, SD 57007 ( 605) 688-414 9
or Brad Farber Box 2207A South Dakota State University Brookings, SD ,57007 (605) 688-4774
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Tab I e 1. Temperatures at tho Central Research Farm - 1987.
llonth --------------------------oF----------------------------
January February March Apri 1 May Juno July August September October November December
36.5 41.9 40.0 67.2 77.0 86.2 91.3 81.9 76.3 59.5 46.4 34.2
14.2 21.6 22. 9 37.3 50.5 55. 4 61.9 56.0 47.6 30.5 27.4 16.5
: Calculated from daily observations. 30 year average ( 1951-1980).
25.4 31.8 31.5 52. 3 63.8 70.8 76.6 69.0 62.0 45.0 36.9 25.4
12.6 19.5 29.7 45.7 57. 5 67.3 74.0 72.7 62.0 50 . 1 32.4 19.9
Table 2. Precipitation at the Central Research Farm - 1987.
1987 Departure Crea test lontb 1rec12i tat E�n Ronra I & from normal -antOUfl l
+12.8 +12. 3 + 1.8 + 6.6 + 6.3 + 3. 5 + 2. 6 - 3.7
0.0 - 5.1 + 4.5 + 5.5
Datle ----------···-------------incft.l!s------------------------
January 0.15 0.34 -0.19 0.10 3 February 2.55 0.57 +l.98 1.20 28 March 4.00 0.91 +3.09 2.70 17 Apri I 0.77 2.08 -1.31 0.62 13 May 1. 94 2.69 -0.75 0.87 20 June 1.60 3.28 -1.68 0.95 21 July 2.97 2.57 +0.40 1.35 12 August 3.34 2.33 +1.01 0.95 27 September 1.51 1.32 +0.19 0.45 16 October 0.10 1.24 -1.14 0 .10 16 November 0.68 0.53 +0.15 0.25 16 December 0.30 0.47 -0.17 0 .10 10
TOTALS: 19.91 18.33 +1.58
a 30 year average (1951-1980).
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Table 3. Temperatures at the Central Research Farm - 1988.
llonth
1988 Average Departure Temoeratures8
b from Max. Min. AtJerp.-e fian,ml normal --------------------------- F-��-------------.a..---�-
January 22.7 1.6 12.2 12. 6 February 29.0 6.3 17.7 19.5 March 48. 9 21.S 35.2 29.7 Apri I 64.6 31. 7 48.2 45.7 May 74.S 49.7 62.1 57.5 June 90.3 61.S 75.9 67.3 July 92.0 61.1 76.6 74.0 August 90.5 60.6 75.6 72.7 Septemb!r 75.4 46.S 61.0 62.0
�!::�:re 62.3 30.0 46.2 50.1 41.2 19.8 30.S 32.4
December 32.7 11.8 22.3 19. 9
� Calculated from daily observations. c 30 year average (1951-1980).
October and November data from a recording station 23 miles north-northwest of Highmore.
Table 4. Precipitation at the Central Research Farm - 1988.
Month 1988 Departure Crea test
Precipitation NormaJ8 from normal amount
-0.4 -1.8
+5.5 +2.5 +4. 6 +8. 6 +2.6 +2.9 -1.0 -3. 9 -1. 9 +2.4
Date --------------------------inches------------------------
January 0.05 0.34 -0.29 0.05 12 February 0 .15 0.57 -0.42 0.10 9 March 0.15 0.91 -0.76 0.15 12 April 1.35 2.08 -0.73 0.55 30 May 4.31 2.69 +1.62 1.23 22 Juno 2.22 3.28 -1.06 1.15 13 July 2.19 2.57 -0.38 1.40 1 August 1.84 2.33 ·0.49 0.79 2
Septembgr 1. 90 1.32 +0.58 1.20 19 October b 0.06 1.24 -1.18 0.05 27 November 0.86 0.53 +0.33 0.30 12
December 1.10 0.47 +0.63 0.55 22
TOTAL 16.18 18.33 -2.15
a b 30 year average (1951-1980).
recording station 23 miles October and November data from a north-northeast of Highmore.
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PERfffllAL IARII-SEASClf CRASS BREEDING
Arvid Boe and Kathy Robbins
Swi.tcb;rau (Panlcum vitplunu and bfr bluutom CAndrw�eon ;erardiii) are tall, native, perennial, warm-season 1rasses that have the potential to produce large amounts of good quality forage during the summer when native and introduced cool-season grasses ar� dor1nant and of poor foraie quality.
Space-plant nurseries were established in 1986 and 1987 for bit bluestem and switchrrass, respectively. These nurseries are comprised of open-pollinated proaenies of renotypes selected at Brookinas for forage and seed yield and quality characteristics.
Since the traits of interest for these long•lived species are influenced to a significant degree by the interaction of particular 1enotypes with local environments, data will be collected for 2-3 years before further selections are made. Synthetic varieties will be developed based on the performance of these progenies at Highmore and Brookin1s, and will be subjected to broad-scale forage and seed yield tests prior to cultivar release.
The lon1-ranae 1oal of this research is the development of switch1rass and big bluestem cultivars adapted to central South Dakota that possess enhanced seed production and quality and improved forage quality characteristics compared to present-day cultivars •
IARII-SEA� ANNUAL CRASS PROOUCTION
Arvid Boe and Kathy Robbins
Warm-season annual grasses, such as Sudangrass (Sorahum bicolor) and foxtail millet (Sotaria italica), grow weJI under warm and dry conditions and can be used to help meet feed shortages during mid- to late-summer when cool-season perennial grass pastures decline in forage productivity and qua Ii ty.
Warm-season annual grasses exhibit areal diversity in growth rate, recovery after clipping or grazing, plant height, and forage production and quality. Production of high quality forage in central South Dakota cannot be maximized unJess appropriate harvest management schemes are developed for each species.
The objective of this preliminary research was to determine the effects of time of harvest on first crop and regrowth forage production of Sudangrass, foxtail millet, and teff (Era2rostis tef). These results, when combined with data obtained from other experiments in subsequent years at Highmore and other locations in the state, will provide the basis for development of management recommendations for each species.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
'Piper' Sudangrass, common foxtail millet, and SDlOO teff were pl anted on June 17, 1988 in a randomized complete block design of 8 replications of single-row plots that were 30 feet long. The interrow spacing between plots within and between replications was 3 feet. Planting rates were 30, 20, and 10 pounds pure live seed/acre for Sudan, f. millet, and teff, respectively. The first harvest was made on JuJy 19, 1988. At that time, each row was divided into throe 10 foot subplots, one of which was harvested to a stubble height of approximately 2 inches. The harvested forage was weighed in the field and moisture samples were obtained from each plot for determination of dry matter percentage. The Sudangrass was in early anthesis, the f. millet was in the soft dough stage, and tho teff was in the early head stage.
The second harvest was made on August 9, 1988 from a second 10 foot subplot in each row as described above for the first harvest. The Sudangrass was in the medium to hard dough stage, the f. millet had approximately 75% mature (orange) seed, and the teff was in the hard dough stage.
Regrowth for the first and second harvest subplots was harvested on September 13, 1988 as described above for the first and second harvests. No regrowth was obtained from the second harvest of f. millet and teff subplots.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
'Piper' Sudangrass produced significantly more dry matter forage than f. millet or SDlOO teff (Table 1). A separate analysis of the Sudangrass data revealed that the July 19 + regrowth harvests treatment (6.5 tons/acre) significantly outyielded the August 9 + regrowth treatment (4. 7 tons/acre). These results suggested that full-season forage yields of Sudangrass can be strongly influenced by stage of plant development at initial harvest and have
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important ramifications regardina managina the crop for quality as well as yield. The difference in regrowth production may be related to a hiaher deiree of tillering in the first harvest rearowth plots in addition to the lonaer period over which regrowth occurred.
Regrowth yields from the first harvest were small for f. millet and teff (Table 1). and essentially no growth was ob'tained from the second harvest subplots. Foraae yields of teff were influenced by a heavy infestation of a tiny chalcid wasp iEurytomldae). larvae of which fed inside the basal 2-3 internodes of the stem.
Results of this preliminary study sugaested that timing of the initial and subsequent harvests should be further evaluated as a management tool for influencing tho production and quality of warm-season annual grasses. Experiments planned for 1989 and subsequent years will address this concept.
Table 1. Mean dry matter forage yields of 3-warm season annual grasses planted at Highmore on June 17. 1988.
First July 19
Regrowth of first Soct. 13
Harvest1
Tat-•1
Regrowth Second of second Au;2,� 9 58.PJ�· l i iolal
----------------�-------tons/A------------------------------
Sudangrass 3.3a 3.2a 6.Sa 4.0a 0.7 4.7a
Mi I let I.Sb 0.4b 1.9b 2.2b 2.2b
Teff 0.7c 0.4b Lie I. le 1. lc
1 Within-row means followed by a different different by LSD 0.05 .
Jetter are significantly
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SIMER ANNUAL LEG1IIE PROOUCTI Cli
Arvid Boe and Kathy Robbins
In the northern Great Plains. cool-season 1rass pastures decline in productivity and forage quality in mid- to late summer. Some practical solutions to forage shortages during the summer period include perennial warm-season grass pastures (e.a. big bluestem t switchgrass, lndiangrass, side-oats grama), warm-season annual grass pastures (e.g. Sudangrass t forage sorghwnt foxtail millet t pearl millet), greenchop. hay, or silage.
Summer annual legumes have been used for soil improvement, pasture, hay, and silage in the southern United States. Mungbeans �Vigna radiata) ha�e been grown quite extensively in Oklahoma for food and forage. Cowpeas IV•P!Ja unguiculata) are grown on about 200,000 acres annually in the United States, with Ceorgia, California. and Texas accounting for about 65% of the total acreage. They are 1rown primarily as a vegetable and dry bean, but have been utilized for hay, silage. and pasture. Approximately 50,000 tons of cowpea hay were harvested in the United States in 1969. Both crops grow well on infertile, sandy soils and are tolerant of drought and hot weather.
Objectives of recent research at SDSU havo been to evaluate effects of row spacing and plant population (density} on forage production of cowpeas and mungbeans at several locations in South Dakota. Data obtained should be useful for determining the adaptability of those legumes to diverse environments and forage production systems in the northern Creal Plains.
Experimental Approach
•victor• cowpeas and a mungbean blend were planted at 2 rates (100,000 and 200,000 pure live seeds/acre) in 3 row-spacings (10-, 20-, and 30-inch) treatments, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design on May 25, and harvested on July 27 when plants were in early pod stages.
Results
Forage yields for both cowpeas and mungbeans increased with decreased row-spacing, indicating superiority of narrow rows for forage production (Table 1). The forage yield advantage of narrow rows may be due to less intra-row plant competition in the narrow rows. Distances between plants in wide rows were closer than distances between plants in narrow rows at the same planting rates.
'Victor• cowpeas outyielded the mungbean blend. but evaluations of more cultivars of each species are needed for identifying cultivars that are well-adapted to the northcentral part of the state.
Forage yields of the 100,000 and 200,000 pure live seeds/acre seeding rates were similar, indicating no practical advantage to the higher seeding rate. Stand establishment was excellent for both planting rates. However, increased plant density in tho high seeding rate plots was generally offset by larger individual plant size in the low seeding rate plots. As part of the study t data were also collected on forage yield components and leaf-to-stem ratio. Results woro inconclusive and suggest further research
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is needed to determine if population density and inter- and intra-row spacing can be utilized to influence forage quality in these species.
Discussion
This preliminary study indicated cowpeas and mungbeans offer potential as swnmer annual or emergency forage crops in northcentral South Dakota. These annual legumes produced at least 2 tons of dry matter/acre at 3 locations during the drought year of 1988 from plantings made in late May to early June and harvested for forage in late July to mid August. During the severe droughts of the mid 1930•s, when most crops were failures. munabeans grew well in central Oklahoma. and cowpeas are also well-known for their ability to grow in areas with heat and drought stresses too extreme for other annual legumes.
Both species have been successfully utilized as hay and sitage. Hay from these legumes may be somewhat stemmy, but no fermentation or palatability problems have been associated with mungbean silage.
Seed costs havo boen low (S2.00-SS.OO/ aero; 15-20 lbs/acre at $18.00-$30.00/100 lbs), but will fluctuate with domestic production. Both species can be easily planted with conventional equipment. Crain drills were used to plant evaluation plots (1-5 acres) adjacent to experimental plots at each location in 1988, and excellent stands were obtained. In Oklahoma. mungbeans are drill-planted after winter wheat to provide a late swnmer or early fall hay or silage crop (Leroy Mack, Johnston Seed Co., Enid, OK; personal cormnunication}. Additional studies are needed to determine if double-cropping with small grains is a viable alternative in our area.
The encouraging results of this prel iminary research have provided strong incentive for additional studies on these and other annual legume and grass species. New forages that complement or supplement our traditional perennial grasses and legumes add flexibility to forage production systems and can be extremely valuable to forage producers in tho climatically unpredictable northern Creat Plains.
Table 1. Dry matter forage production of cowpeas and mungbeans planted at Highmore on May 25 and harvested on July 27, 1988.
Le�ume 10" 20" 30" Crand1 mean
--------------------tons/acre----------------------
Cowpea
Mungbean
3. l
1. 91 Grand Mean
2.5
1. 6 2. Sa
2.5
1.5 b 2. 0
1 Means in species column and row-spacing row that are followed by a different letter are significantly different at the 0.05 level.
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ALFALFA SEEDING RATE EXPERIIIENT
K. D. Kephart, E. K. Twidwell, and R. Bortnem
An experiment was planted in 1985 to determine the yield response of two modern alfalfa cultivars ( tBig-10' and '532') to seeding rate (2 to 30 lbs PLS per acre in 2 lbs per acre increments). Plots were not harvested for yield in the seeding year (1985). In 1986, total seasonal dry matter yield increased with increasing seeding rate up to about 10 lbs PLS per acre (Fig. la). The two cultivars did not significantly differ in response to seeding rate. Total seasonal dry matter yield did not respond to seeding rate in 1 987 (Fig. lb).
Yield component measurements were obtained by hand-harvesting in 1988. Additionally, alfalfa roots were excavated to reliably determine stand density. Similar to 1987, alfalfa yield did not respond to seeding rate in 1988 (Fig. 2a). Yield components, however, differed significantly according to seeding rate. Stand density was lowest for tho low seeding rate, whereas, shoots per plant and shoot weight was greatest for the low seeding rate (Fi�. 2b-2d). At the high seedina rate there wore approximately 25 plants per ft , but each plant had only 1 to 2 shoots and each shoot was considerably lighter than those for the low seeding rates.
Weed yields wero highest for tho low seeding rates. Leaf-to-stem ratio and stem length were not significantly affected by seeding rate suggesting that forage quality was not greatly influenced by seeding rate.
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c» 0 :i... 0 '-.:I s -8'
....... (I) 4 0 c
c -3 a. DRY MATTER YIELD - 1986
2 3.0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 2,5 .... 0 0 0 � O O O u Cl
, 2.0-- 0 (I)
c 0
...., 1.5::.-. b. DRY MATTER YIELD - 1997
1,04----4:-�*-�4-�4--1;·� ..... _.� ..... _.�.,;......-i-·�4·��·��·� .......... �o 2 4 a e 1 o 1 2 1 4 16 1 a 20 22 24 26 20 30
SEEDING RATE (lb PLS I ocre)
Figure 1.
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2000 a. ALFRLFR YIELD
GJ 1soor 0 0 0 0
0 G 10001 ........
500 J ..
0 , - , , - " . . . . 40 ��
N b. STAND DENSITY
30 ........
20 -
10
0 8 7 c. SHOOTS PER PLANT
fi cc r - 5 a..
........ 4 3 =
=
= 2 c,, 0
t
0 I 0.8
d. WEIGHT PER SHOOT
0.6
=
= 0.4 c,, • ........
0.2
o.o Cl 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
SEEDING RATE (lb PLS I etcre)
Figure 2.
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ALFALFA CULTIVAR YIELD TESr - 1987
E. K. Twidwel l , K. D. Kephart. and R. Bortnem
Four a lfa lfa cul tivar yie ld oxporiments wore conducted at the Centra l Crops and Soi l s Research Station during 1987. The objective of these studies was to determine the yield performance of various a lfa lfa cul tivars and experimental l ines when grown in central South Dakota.
The first of those experiments included 36 hay-type alfalfa cultivars and was p l anted on 17 April 1985. No yie l d data was co l l ected in 1985 because of l imited a lfa lfa growth and wood infestations. Environmental conditions were conducive for a lfa lfa production in 1986 as four harvests were obtained. Average seasonal dry matter yiel d for this experiment was 5. 67 tons per acre with a range of 1.51 tons per acre (Tabl e 2). Two harvests were obtained during the 1987 growing season, and this is the l ast year that fie ld data will be col l ected from this study. The average tota l seasonal dry matter yie ld for this experiment was 2.26 tons per acre. Precipitation was the major factor that l imited the number of harvests in 1987. Two-year average dry matter yields of tho cul tivars ranged from 4.38 to 3.47 tons per acre.
The second oxporimont was a l so estab l ished on 17 April 1985. This experiment consisted of 19 pasture•type cultivars and experimental l ines. Similar to the first study. no harvests were obtained in 1985 . four were obtained in 1986, and two were obtained in 1987. I n 1986 the average total seasonal dry matter yie ld was 4.01 tons per acre (Tabl e 1), which was 1.7 tons per acre less than tho first study. This difference is due to differences in growth habit between pasture-type and hay-type al falfa cul tivars. Pasture-type cul tivars are l ess erect, sl ower to recover after cutting. and more winterhardy than most hay-type alfal fas. These cul tivars are better suited to grazing because they have broad, deep-set crowns and spreading root systems. In 1987 the average total seasonal dry matter yie ld was 1.83 tons per acre, which was 0.43 ton per acre Jess than the first study. Two-year average dry matter yields of tho cul livars ranged from 3.87 to J.37 tons per aero. Resu lts of this study indicate that there are some dramatic yie l d difforoncos among those pasture-type cultivars.
The third oxporiment consisted of 24 hay and pasture-type cul tivars and was established on 10 April 1986. Three harvests were obtained i n both 1986 and 1987 wilh average seasonal dry matter yie lds of 2.26 and 2.88, respectivel y (Table 3). Two-year average dry matter yiel ds of the cultivars ranged from 3.00 to 1.87 tons per acre. This yie ld difference was probab ly due to the inclusion of both hay and pasture-type cultivars in the study, with the hay-types genera l l y having higher dry matter yields.
The fourth experiment consisted of 24 hay-type cultivars and was seeded on 27 April 1987. The study was cut once in July; however yield data were not determined because of weedy conditions and limited alfa lfa growth.
Resul ts of these studios are useful in sel ection of alfalfa cu l t i vars for hay and pasture production. Measurements of forage yield taken over several years of production are usua l l y more useful than are averages from a
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single year. Most of the higher yieldin2 hay-type cu l tivars in these studies are relatively modern and have moderate fall dormancy. Most pasture-type cultivars are lower yielding than the hay-types. but generally are more winterhardy. The rnaJor factors to consider when selecting an alfalfa cultivar include multiple d i sease and pest resistance, moderate fall dormancy, yield potential, intended use, and cost per unit of pure live seed.
Table I . Yield performance of 19 pasture-type alfalfa cultivars planted on 4-17-85 at tge Central Crops and Soils Research Station, Highmore, SD .
1986 1987 itons IJ.t/A) 4-Cut Cut-I Cut-2 2-Cut 2-yr
Cul t i var Total 5/14 6/29 Tola I AVI'
Cossack s.10 1.37 0.73 2 .10 3.87 Ladak 65 5.08 1.52 0.78 2 . 30 3 . 70 Uaverick 4.77 1.47 0.84 2 . 31 3.54 Beaver 4.68 1.34 0.75 2 . 09 3 . 39
Narragansett 4.52 1.43 o . 71 2 . 14 3.33 Heinrich ' s 4 .16 1.32 0.73 2 . 05 3.11 Teton 4.19 1.32 0.69 2.01 3 . 10 MT-0 4.18 1.37 0.66 2.03 3 .10
Spredor I I 4.64 1.36 0 .63 1. 99 3.09 Kane 4.25 1 . 22 0 . 63 1.85 3.05 Travois 4.23 1.17 0.58 1. 75 2 .98 Roamer 3.94 1.18 0 . 60 1. 78 2 . 86
MT-1 3.96 1.20 0.58 1 . 78 2 .74 Range lander 3.48 1.09 0 . 50 1. 59 2 . 53 Dry lander 3.54 1.05 0.46 1.51 2.52 Rambler 3.40 1.02 0.57 1 . 59 2 . 49
Semipalitinsk 3.33 1 . 04 0.48 1 . 52 2.42 Smith ' s 3.27 0.95 0.44 1 . 39 2.33 Anik 1 . 72 0.86 0.16 1.02 I . 37
Average 4.01 1.23 0.61 1 .83 2.92 LSD (0.05) 0.61 0.23 0.17 0.32 0 . 54
: Insuffic i ent growth in seeding year, no data were collocted in J Relative Performance based on 2-year average.
,.
Rt:1 I l l 11eb P.g r f o rma:m:e
132 127 121 116
114 106 106 106
106 104 102 98
94 87 86 85
83 80 47
1985.
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Table 2 . Yield performance of 36 hay-type alfalfa cu Jtivars planted on 4-17-85 and crown at the Central Crops and Soils Research Station, Hi1hmore. SD .
1986 1987 !tons DM/A} - % 4-Cut Cut-I Cut-2 2-Cut 2-yir Re I at i vo
l:! Cult i var Total 5/ 1 4 7/1 Total Avg Pc rfarma.nce
DK 135 6 . 39 1 .5 4 0.84 2.38 4.38 1 1 0 Futura 6.48 1 . 59 0.70 2.29 4 . 38 1 1 0 Dawson 6.16 1 .53 0.93 2.46 4.31 108 Cimarron 6.11 1 . 57 0.82 2.39 4 . 24 107
MN 6216 5 . 98 I .SO 0.91 2.41 4.19 1 06 5432 6.00 1.54 o. 77 2.31 4 .15 1 04 XAF31 5. 98 1 . 56 0.76 2.32 4 . 1 5 104 Magnum + 6.39 l.62 0 . 87 2.49 4.U 104
Ma Rn um 5.92 1 .58 0.77 2.35 4.14 104 MN 5617 5. 65 1 . 74 0 . 88 2.62 4 .14 104 NY 841 2 5 . 85 1 .53 0 . 85 2 . 38 4 . 1 2 104 Kingstar 5.86 1 . 51 o . a2 2.33 4.09 103
Horizon 5 . 80 1 . 6 1 0 . 74 2 .35 4 . 08 103 Sparta 5.81 l.50 0.84 2.34 4.08 103 Eagle 6 . 13 1 . 38 0.61 1 . 99 4.06 102 B ig 10 5 . 82 1.43 0.86 2. 29 4 . 05 102
Vernema 5.75 1 . 58 0.76 2.34 4.04 102 sx 217 5 . 73 1 . 48 0.82 2 . 30 4.02 101 Mohawk 5 . 68 1.55 0.81 2.36 4 . 02 101 NY 8413 5.51 1.50 0 . 88 2.38 3.94 99
Saranac 5 . 64 1.50 0.74 2 . 24 3 . 94 99 8016 PCa3 5.52 1 .57 0. 75 2.32 3 . 92 99
Oneida Vr 5.45 1.48 0 . 90 2. 38 3.91 98 120 5 . 66 J.48 0.66 2.1 4 3 . 90 98
Saranac AR 5.55 1.44 0.75 2 .19 3 . 87 97 Baker 5 . 45 1 . 53 0 .70 2.23 3 . 84 97 Elevation 5.54 J.42 0.66 2 . 08 3 . 81 96 532 5 . 11 I . 57 0 . 86 2.43 3. 77 95
Iroquois 5. 46 1 . 37 0.67 2.04 3 . 76 95 MN 6209 5.34 1. 39 0 . 72 2. 1 1 3 . 77 95
Max 85 5.24 1 . 52 0 .65 2. 17 3.70 93 526 5.42 1 .36 0 . 60 1 . 96 3 . 70 93
Blazer 5.41 1 . 27 0.64 1 . 9 1 3.66 92 Vernal 5.07 1.48 0 . 60 2.08 3.57 90 Megaton 5 .02 1 .38 0 . 68 2.07 3 . 54 89 Agate 4 . 88 1.36 0.69 2 .05 3 . 47 87
Average 5.67 1.50 0.76 2. 26 3 . 97 LSD ( 0 . 05 ) 0 . 67 1 . 19 NS 0 .36 0 . 63
� Insufficient rrowth in seeding year, no data were collected in 1985. � Relative performance based on 2-year average.
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Table 3. Yield performance of 24 alfalfa cultivars planted on 4-10-86 and grown at the Central Crops and Soils Research Station, H ighmore, SO.
1986 1987 Yield �tons tll/A) � 3-Cut Cut 1 Cut 2 Cut 3 3-Cut 2-Year Relative
15 Cultivar Tota L______ 5Ll4 7/1 8/ 1 1 Total AYR Performance
5432 2.67 1. 59 1.10 0.64 3.33 3.00 117 Edge 2.36 1.54 1.13 0.67 3.34 2.85 111 526 2 .50 1.70 1.03 0.46 3 .19 2 . 85 111 Drurmnor 2.37 1.58 1.12 0.58 3.28 2.82 110
Cimarron 2.83 1.54 0.91 0.31 2.76 2.80 109 Crown 2.60 1.53 1.02 0.44 2.99 2.79 108 AP 45 2.37 1.64 L OO 0.56 3 . 20 2.78 108 Dart 2.44 1.58 1.01 0.49 3.08 2 .76 107
532 2. 50 I.SO 0.94 0.54 2.98 2.74 107 Surpass 2.24 1.59 0.98 0.62 3 .19 2.71 105 120 2.35 1.65 0.98 0.34 2. 97 2.66 104 Epic 2.45 1 . 4"6 0.95 0.43 2.84 2 . 65 103
SX 424 2 .29 1.51 0.95 0.44 2.90 2 . 60 101 .llfO 582 2. 14 1.56 0.94 0.41 2 . 91 2. 52 98 Vernal 2 .25 1.58 0.88 0.29 2. 75 2 . 50 97 SX 217 2.50 1.36 0.78 0.38 2. 52 2.50 97
WL 225 2.21 1.48 0.84 0.33 2.65 2.43 94 Arrow 2 . 1 1 1.57 0.85 0.32 2.74 2 .43 94 Heinrich ' s 1 . 89 1.33 0.95 0.56 2 . 84 2.37 92 MTO N82 1.96 1 . 45 0.89 0 . 30 2.64 2.30 89
Range lander 1.83 1.48 0.64 0.56 2 . 68 2.26 88 Roamer 1. 77 1 .39 0.73 0.58 2.70 2 .23 87 Rambler 1.89 1.23 0.65 0.56 2.44 2.16 84 Dry lander 1 . 63 1 . 14 0.63 0.34 2 . 11 1.87 73
Average 2 . 26 1 . 50 0.91 0.46 2 . 88 2 .57 LSD (0. 05) 0 . 06 0.20 0.26 NS 0.64 0.55
a % Relat ive Performance based on 2-year average •
•
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ALFALFA Cln..TIVAR YIELD Tm;t - 1988
K. O. Kephart, E. K. Twidwell, and R. Bortnem
Two alfalfa cultivar yield experiments were conducted at the Central Crops and Soils Research Station during 1988. The objective of these studies was to determine the yield performance of various alfalfa cultivars and experimental lines when grown in South Dakota.
The first of these experiments included 24 hay and pasture-type alfalfa cultivars and was established on 10 April 1986. Three harvests were obtained annually in 1986 and 1987, while only two harvests occurred in 1988. This was due to the drought during the 1988 trowing season. The average total seasonal dry matter yield in 1988 was 1.06 tons per acre, compared to 2.26 and 2.88 tons per acre in 1986 and 1987, respectively (Table 1). Three-year average dry matter yields of tho cultivars ranged from 2.36 to 1 . 62 tons �er acre. This yield difference was probably due to the inclusion of both hay and pasture-type cultivars in tho study. Pasture-type cultivars are generally more winterhardy and slower to recover after cutting than are hay-types. Because of these characteristics, pasture-type cultivars usually yield less than the hay-types. Results from this study support this statement, and it is concluded that if producers desire cultivars for optimum forage production. thoy should select hay-types.
The second experiment was seeded on 27 April 1987 and included 24 alfalfa cultivars and experimental lines. The study was cut once in July of 1987; however yield data were not determined because of weedy conditions and limited alfalfa growth. Two harvests were made in 1988, with the first and second harvests having average dry matter yields of 1 .44 and 0.30 tons per acre, respectively (Table 2). Tho two•harvest total dry matter yields of the cultivars ranged from 2.23 to 1.24 tons per aero. Although this is a relatively large range in yield performance, no significant yield differences among the cultivars were detected because of the high variabi l ity present during the dry conditions in 1988. As uncontrollable variation increases, the power to detect significant differences decreases. It wil l , however, be interesting to monitor the yield performance of these cultivars during 1989 and determine if the drought conditions have any effect on subsequent yields.
Results of these studies are useful in selection of alfalfa cultivars for hay and pasture production. Measurements of forage yield taken over several years of production are usually more useful than are averages from a single year. The major factors to consider when selecting an alfalfa cultivar include multiple disease and pest resistance, fall dormancy, yield potential, intended use, and cost per unit of pure live seed.
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Tab I e 1. Forage y ield of 24 alfalfa cultivars planted April 10. 1986 at the Central Crops and Soils Research Station, Highmore. SD.
1986 1987 1988 Y ield (tons OM/A) 3 J 3-Cut 3-Cut Cut 1 Cut 2 2-Cut Year Relative
Cult i var Total Tot11I 6120 Bill TDtaf Ag: Peer. f_ac$n,;ea
5432 2.67 3.33 0.88 0.22 1.09 2.36 114 526 2 .50 3.20 0.90 0.21 1.11 2.27 110 Edge 2.37 3.34 0.86 0.22 1.08 2.26 110 Drummor 2.37 3.27 0.85 0.21 1.06 2.23 108
AP 45 2.37 3.21 0.85 0.21 1 . 06 2.21 107 Cimarron 2.83 2.77 0.81 0.21 1.02 2.21 107 Crown 2 . 60 2.99 0.79 0.18 0 . 97 2 .1 9 106 Dart 2.45 3.08 0.79 0.25 1.03 2 .19 106
532 2 .50 3.02 0.82 0.21 1 . 04 2 .19 106 Surpass 2.24 3 .19 0.82 0.26 1.08 2 . 1 7 105 120 2.35 2.98 0.80 0.22 1.02 2 . 12 103 SX 217 2.49 2.86 0 . 78 0.21 0 . 99 2 . 1 1 102
Epic 2.46 2.84 0.81 0.21 1. 01 2 .10 102 Arrow 2.11 2.93 0.79 0.18 0.96 2.00 97 Heinr ich 's 1.90 2.84 0.98 0.21 1 . 19 1. 98 96 Vernal 2.26 2.76 0.73 0.18 0.90 1.97 96
SX 424 b 2.30 2. 62 0.76 0.17 0.93 1 . 95 94 111'0 582 2.25 2.62 0 .84 0.14 0.98 J. 95 94 Roamer 1. 77 2.70 1.09 0.27 1.36 1. 94 94 WL 225 2.21 2.66 0 . 74 0.15 0.89 1. 92 93
Rangela9der 1.83 2.68 0.98 0.23 1 . 21 J . 91 92 111'0 N82 1. 96 2.64 0.69 0.14 1.02 1.87 91 Rambler 1.88 2.44 1 . 04 0 . 20 1.25 1.86 90 Dry lander 1. 63 2 .11 0 . 98 0 . 14 1.12 1 . 62 78
Average 2.26 2 .88 0.86 0 . 20 1 . 06 2.06 Maturityc 4.8 6.7 LSD (0.05) 0 .34 0 . 63 NS NS NS 0.33
• J Relative performance = cultivar 3-year average yield/3-yr average of b all culti vars. c Experimental line, currently not marketed.
Average harvest maturity. Value based on Kalu & Fink (1983) Index , mean stage by count.
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Table 2. Fora1e yield of 24 alfalfa cultivars planted April 27, 1987 at the Central Crops and Soils Research Station, Highmore, so.
J 9"6! fora� Y l� ld ( l.ens!JJ.IJAJ Cut r - --- Cut 2 2-Cut Rel ative
Cul t i var 6/20 8/9 Total Ped ormancea
Mohawk 1.75 0.48 2 . 23 128 Saranac 1 . 72 0.49 2 .21 127 Saranac AR 1 .63 0 . 55 2 . 18 125 636 1 . 58 0.49 2.08 119
Iroquois 1 . 61 0.33 1 . 94 11 2 120 1 .54 0 . 35 1.89 109 Big 10 1.48 0.39 1 .87 108 Vernal 1.54 0.31 1 .85 106
8016 PCa3 1.48 0.33 1.81 104 llagnum I I I 1.44 0.34 1.79 103 526 1.52 0.22 1 . 74 100 DK 135 1.40 0.30 1 .70 98
11'1'0 N82b
1.51 0.19 1 .70 98 CimarroiQ 1 .36 0.30 1 . 65 95 11'1'0 N82- 1 .53 0.12 1 . 65 95 Emerald 1 .34 0.28 1 .6 1 93
SC 424 1 .25 0.35 1 . 61 92 Blazer 1 . 35 O.Z4 1 . 59 91 Eagle 1.34 0 . 22 1 . 56 90 WL 225 1 . 27 0.22 1.50 86
532 1 .28 0 . 20 1 . 48 85 NAPS 31 1 . 30 o. u 1 . 44 83 Dynasty 1 . 28 0 . 14 1 . 42 82 SX 217 1.08 0.16 1 . 24 71
. Averar,e 1 . 44 0.30 1 . 74 Matud tyc 4.7 7. 7 LSD (0.05) 0 .35 NS NS
a % Relative performance = cultivar 2-cut total average yield/2-cut b average of all cultivars . c Experimental line, currently not marketed.
Average harvest maturity. Value based on Ka l u & F ick (1983 } . mean stage by count.
Index.,
..
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ALFALFA SEED CHALCID BIOLOGY 00 TAXCIDIY
Arvid Boe and Burruss McDaniel
The alfalfa seed chalcid (8cuehopha,f\tJ ,r,,oddl ) is a small wasp (the adult is about 1/16 inch long) that 1 destroy lDOr� than 90% of the alfalfa seed crop in certain localities and years. The female chalcid lays her eggs in developing seeds by forcing hor ovipositor through the green pod. The larva devours the entire contents of the seed, leaving only the seed coat. The germinability of the seed is completely destroyed as a result of the larvae conswning the embryo.
Seed pod collections made at numerous locations in central and eastern South Dakota in 1987 and 1988 revealed the alfalfa seed chalcid occurs throughout the eastern one-half of tho state. The insect was first recorded in South Dakota from Newell in the early 1900 1 s, and it i s undoubted ly present wherever alfalfa is grown in the state.
Objectives of research at Highmore are to (1) determine the frequency of seed predation by natural populations of the alfalfa seed chatcid in first and second cutting seed crops, and (2) determine life history characteristics and biological control potential of naturally-occurring parasites (these are also tiny wasps) of the alfalfa seed chalcid.
In sW1111er and fall 1988. random samples of pods were collected from nursery plants that were either allowed to produce seed from the initial spring growth or from. regrowth produced after cutting in early June. Pods collected in the field were placed in roaring chambers in the laboratory at Brookings, and adult seed chalcids and parasites are being trapped, identified, and counted as they omergo from the pods.
Seven parasites (all chalcid wasps) have been obtained to date (10 Jan. 1989) from the samples, indicating several potential biological control species occur at Highmore. Data are currently being obtained on the frequency of seed predation by the alfalfa seed chalcid as it rel ates to t i me of seed development, which was controlled by cutting.
Future experiments will continue to address life history characterist ics of the alfalfa seed chalcid and its parasites and the effects of tim i ng of seed development on seed predation by the alfalfa seed chalcid. Results will be reported in the 1989 and subsequent annual reports.
•
THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZER PBCS'BORl.5 <If CRESTED WBEATCRA$
Ron Celderman. J i m Oerwing and Ed Twidwel l
Data corre lat ing soi l tests to y ie ld response of grass due to added phosphorus i s l acking i n South Dakota. In fact, very few studies are avai l ab le throughout the reg i on studying grass seed y i elds in re lat ion to phosphorus add i t ions. The ava i lab l e data i nd icate l i t t l e grass forage y ie ld response wi th a Bray-1 soi l test above 15 lb/A. However add i t i onal stud ies are needed wi th tests be l ow this cr i t i cal l eve l .
The object ive of th is study i s to determine the inf l uence of added
phosphorus 1 ) on crested wheatgrass seed and forage y ie lds 2) on phosphorus uptake by crested wheatgrass and 3 ) on soi l test P l evels under grass.
METHODS
The study was conducted on the M ike Cowan farm i n Hyde County, legal descript i on - NWl/4 ,NEl/4 ,Sec. 27,R73W,Tl l 1N . The so i l at this s i te i s c lass i f i ed as Highmore ( f ine-si l ty , mi xed, mes i c typic Arguistol l ) . These so i ls are si l t l oams formed from a si l ty glacial dr i f t . The so i l test leve ls for the p lot area are g i ven i n Tab l e 1 . The so i l tests indicate f a i r l y typical soi l fer t i l i ty l evel s for soi l s under grass in this area. Potassium and organ i c matter are h i gh , pH i s near neutral and phosphorus i s cons idered med i um ( 17 l b/A/6" ) . Ava i l ab le n i t rate-n i t rogen i s very l ow as i s typica l l y found under grassland cond i t i ons.
The s i te has a good stand of crested wheatgrass est imated to be at least 15 years old . Very l i tt l e ferti l i zer or manure had been app l ied to the stand over this t i me . The rates of phosphorus app l i ed were 0, 30, 60, 90 and 180 l biA of P o· as 0-46-Cl (Trr,1c �r Jdtosphato} . The exl)er l!H9l;1J iic!a i 'tn was a rando111i·iei co=p l ct� block ¥11i lh rou.r rapl lcat i ans .. S ix1.y powlds of NIA ta�· urea) was app l i ed over the who le p lot to el iminate n i t rogen as a l im i t ing nut r i ent . The fert i l i zer was hand spread on 28 March 1988. At the t ime of appl icat i on , the soi l was moist to a depth of 8 i nches and the grass was just break ing dormancy.
Forage harvest was done w i th a lawn mower on 1 2 June 1988, by cut t i ng an area of 1 9 . 5 square feet. Tho samp le was wei ghed and a subsamp l e was taken for moisture determ inat ion . A random samp l e of stand ing plant materia l was hand cl ipped for phosphorus determinat i on to e l iminate so i l contami nat i on from the mechanical mower . Seed yie lds wore taken on 18 July 1988 by cl ipping seed heads from one square yard of p lot area. These sampl es were dr ied , c leaned and weighed. An est imate of fert i l e seed was determi ned by app ly ing a i r to the cl eaned seed. The weight of seed that sett l ed to the bottom of the a i r chamber was d i v ided by total seed weight x 100 to determine J fer t i le seed.
The remainder of plant mater ia l was removed f rom the plots on 18 July . So i l sampl es were taken from each plot on 27 September 1988 and composi ted by rep l i cate.
Rainfal l for the growing season at this s i te was considered fai r . However, the h igh temperatures i n May and June l imi ted growth of the cool
•
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season crested wheatgrass. Rainfal l through 13 June, 18 July and 27 September was 5.55, 8.65 and 10.85 inches respectively.
RESULTS
The infl uence of the application of phosphorus on crested wheatgrass is shown in Tab l e 2. Added phosphorus significant l y increased forage yield (0. 13 l evel). The 180 l b P O rate increased yields by 15% over check yie l ds. Added P o5 si1nifi�a�tl y increased forage phosphorus content. A l though the abs�Jute increase is sma l l (0.035%), it is very consistent and shows that the applied phosphorus was taken into the p l ant. This data is a l so displ ayed graphical l y in Figure 1. Seed yie l ds were not infl uenced by added phosphorus fertilizer nor was seed ferti lity. There was considerable variabi l ity in seed yiel ds. This refl ects the low seed yield at the site and possibl y a sampl ing area that was too sma l l . Weather conditions were not conducive to cool season grass-seed production in the spring of 1988.
Two months after the treatments were app l ied there were a nu�ber of phosphorus fertil izer granu l es still l aying on the surface, apparently only partial ly dissol ved. An anal ysis of some of the pe l l ets revealed an average �205 content of 29%. The amount of material sti l l undissolved is difficult t� quantify. An estimate of 10-30� of the total granu l es appl ied were still identifiable on the soil surface on 6 Juno, after 4.65 inches of rainfall. In fact, on 27 September, many granu l es were sti l l visabJe on the soi I surface aftor 10.85 inches of moisture.
The efficiency of phosphorus uptake may have been l imited because of s l ow dissol ution of phosphorus on the soil surface. This concl usion is supported somewhat by higher yie ld and forage P content with the highest rate of P'-0� (Tabl e 2. Figure I ). Ceneral ly , if phosphate is mixed with the soi I , yieJa Ind uptake are maximized before a rate of 180 l b/A P2o5 is reached.
To determine if the phosphorus fertil izer raised Bray-I soil phosphorus, soil samp l es were taken in the fal l by 2 inch increments, to a depth of 6 inches. Care was taken not to samp l e over a recognizab l e fertilizer pe l l et. The results of these analysis are shown in Tab l e 3.
From these results it can be seen that most of the increase in soi I test P occured in the surface two inches. In other words, phosphorus does not move a great deal after it is appl ied and no til lage is done. However, there is an increase in the concentration of the 2-4" soil ? test level with increasing rates of P. This wou ld indicate some movement downward. Because of the very dry conditions in the spring of 1 988. the rains that did fa l I probab l y did not wet the soil further than 6 inches. Therefore, surface app l ied phosphorus wou l d have been avai lable when rains a l lowed adequate soi I moisture to permit root feeding in the upper soil surface.
The average Bray-I soi l test value (0-6") for each rate was calcu l ated and is shown in Tab l e 3 and Figure 2. The application of P ferti lizer increased tho Bray-1 soil test in a l inear manner. The equation for this line is Soil Bray P test = 15.7 + 0. 16 {fertilizer P205 ). This says that it takes about 6.3 pounds of fertil izer P20� to raise soil test P one pound. This appears to be good efficiency in thit many soils have a ratio of 7 or 8 to 1 . However, most of the ferti l izer P is in the top 2 inches of soil and
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therefore, is not exposed to as much soil as cultivated soils.
Thia experiment wi l l be continued to monitor the affect of the residual phosphorus on arasa production. ln addition, a placement study may be in it iated. to deteraine if phosphorus uti l ization can be improved over broadcast placement under 1raasl and conditions.
Table 1. Sprint aoll t .. t l eveta, Phosphorus Cra .. atudy, Hyde Co. 1988.
�th �"'IN p ): tll -pJE u l lI tneb!I -- lb/A -- I anltalall
0-3 2 12 720 ,.1 6.7 0.3 3·6 1 5 600 3.8 6.6 0.3 6-24 3 --
Table z. Influence of app l i ed phosphoru• on crHted wheatrrra5 peruetera, Hyde Co. 1988.
bte of Foraae1 Foraae P Seed Seed
Pzos yield content yield f erti I i ty
lb/A lb/A J P lb/A "
0 2019 0.120 108 72 30 2038 0.138 133 71 60 2200 o .uo 119 70 90 20s, 0. 145 138 76
180 2317 0. 155 104 66
Pr>F 0.13 o.oo, 0.63 0.59 CVJ 8.2 6.9 30.3 1 1 . 3
1 Dry matter baaia
Table 3. Influence of br011dcast phoaphorua fert i l izer on aol t teat P level under arass, Hyde Co. 1988.
�� Bray-I test --··---Rate ar Depth ( inches) Ave. PzOs 0-2 z., 4-6 0-6
lb/A ·-·- Pfm' ---- l b/A
0 1' ' 3 u
30 22 6 3 21 60 27 7 ' 25 90 39 8 3 33
180 50 10 ' 43
• ..........
8 0. <P
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Figure 1 . Influence of broadcast phosphorus fertilizer on crested wheatgross P concentrotlon.
0.180 ...
0. 1 60 ·-
0.140 �'- • •
•
0.1200
•
0 . 100�����·1--��..J...-�����--��-...'���·i...................1 0 30 60 90 1 20 1 50 1 80
Figure 2. Influence of broadcast fertilizer phosphorus on soil test P under gross. Hyde Co.
50 =- ��������������������----..
45
'"" 40 (I)
o 35
� 30 '--
a.. 25
20 --
·o 1 5,
1 0
s -
0 0
Soil test P• 1 !5. 7 + 0.1 6(fert. P) ,.2-o.97
30 60 90 1 20
Fertilizer P205 (lb/ccre)
•
1 50 1 80
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OAT RESEARCH
D. L. Reeves and Lon Hall
A test which has been grown at this station for many years is the Tristate. This has 10 new entries every year from each of the Dakotas and Minnesota. The Tristate test is grown at only throe locations in each state. It tests only new selections which appear to have potential. Selections go through this test before being entered in a formal regional test.
A preliminary herbicide testing program was started this year in cooperation with the extension weed workers. This is our western location. Duo to weather and other problems only one of the three locations was harvested this year. We used 6 varieties and 9 treatments. The treatments included IICPA at 1/2 and 1 lb. rates, 2, 4-D Amine at 1/2 and 1 lb., Bronate at 3/4 and 1 1/2 lb., and a Banvet + MCPA mix.
There are three objectives to this program. One is to see how oats are reacting to environ.mental conditions when sprayed on a given year. The second is to see how our selections approaching release as a variety respond to commonly used herbicides. The third is to see what could be expected in the field if the sprayer overlapped. Due to an error, we didn' t get data this year, but it will be continued next year.
In addition to these tests, we've used this station as a test site whenever we've had a number of advanced lines that needed the better ones identified. In 1987 wo had 26 selections in a test of that type here.
SPRlr«l WHEAT BREEDir«l
F. A. Cholick and K. M. Sellers
The advance yield trial was grown at eight locations through out the spring wheat production area in addition to tho Highmore Station. The primary objective of this trial is to identify new genetic combinations as potential new varieties. In 1988, 37 experimental lines from the SDSU spring breeding, and one experimental line from each North Dakota and Minnesota were compared to nine check (named) varieties. This experiment was plan ted April 6 and harvested July 19. The mean yield was 16.1 bu/A which was approximately 60 percent less than the seven year average. The range in grain yield was 21.4 to 9.5 bu/A which is a greater range than normal. Among the named varieties Stoa and Cuard were in the top yielding group in 1988. On a three year average, Butte-86, Stoa; and Prospoct were the top yielding checks. In 1988, 12 experimental lines yielded equal to or exceeded the best named varieties. The primary evaluations in 1988 wore for heat and moisture stress, and several early lines were in tho top yielding group. The data from 1988 experiments aided in evaluating experimental J i nes for stress conditions. Test weights ranged from 59.5 to 51. 2 lbs/bu among the experimental lines which also illustrates the high level of stress. The differential responses that occur among breeding materials are valuable in that lines can be discarded from consideration for variety release due to poor performance. The relatively largo range also illustrates that the material differed in its' ability for growth and development under the high stress conditions.
..
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Blend Yield Trial 1988
i t This experiment was not conducted at the Highmore station; however, was conducted at Brookings. Watertown t Redfield, Brentford and Selby in 1987 and 1988 to evaluate the effects of blending varieties on grain yield and protein content. Four tarieties, Butte-86. Ouard, Marshall and Stoa were grown as pure varieties and all possible two way blends. summarizes the grain yields and protein contents.
Table 1.
Variety
Butte-86 Marshal I Cua rd Stoa BIG 8/U BIS C/M C/S M/S
LSD 0.05 yield
Yield and protein results form blend experiment
Brookings Redfield y ) d bu/A
20 17 24 20 20 20 � 19 22 20
2.7
pro yld % bu/A
17.8 20 16. 5 18 16. 6 18 16.7 21 16.6 22 16.8 19 17.3 21 16.3 17 15.9 19 16 .6 _J9
2.6
pro •
17.2 17.2 17.4 16.9 17.0 17.3 17.3 17. t 16.8 1 7 . l
LOCATIONS w�to-rtQ� Brentford y J d pro y J d pro bu/A % bu/A %
19 17 . 1 18 17.4 T6 18.3 18 18.3 li 18. 4 T6 17.4 19 19.0 18 18.0 .u 17.8 T6 1 7 . 9 16 18. S 17 18. 2 18 18.6 19 18. 6 17 18.0 T7 18.1 18 18.7 17 17.8 18 18 . 1 Tf 18. 1
2. 3 3.7
The following table
i n 1988.
Se l h,I Average yld pro yld pro bu/A % bu/A %
24 1 6 . 6 20 17.2 20 16.3 18 17.3 23 1 6 . 2 20 17.2 24 16.6 20 17.4 23 17.3 20 17.3 21 16.5 TB 17.5 25 16 .2 21 17 .6 22 16.5 1 9 17.2 22 16.4 20 17.1 22 16.4 19 17. 3
2 . 1 1. 8
The grain yields that are underlined are in the highest yielding group. Protein was determined on a composite of tho three replications ; therefore, there is no LSD. These results were similar to 1987 and other composite or blend experiments. In general, there appears to be little or no advantage to blending varieties because the best blonds grain yields were not superior to the best pure variety. In 1987 Butte-86 and Stoa and their blend were the top yielding treatments averaged over locations. In 1988 only the variety Marshall yielded less than the other throe and the three blends with Marshal I were also lower yielding. The range among varieties for protein in 1988 was extremely small, and therefore it is difficult to evaluate this tra i t. However, as with yield thoro appears to bo little advantage of blending varieties with high and low protein contents to maintain protein content.
-28-
SIIALL CRAIN TRIALS - CPT
J . J . Bonnemann
Smal l Crai n Performance Tr ia ls were conducted on the Central Substa t i on i n 1988. Four smal l grains were grown; barley, oats t spring wheat and wi nter wheat .
The y ie lds and qua l i ty of the grai n were qui te var i able . W inter wheat yi elds were genera l ly good, especial ly for the stress of the 1988 growing season. The barley and oat y ie lds wore a lso better than might be expected for the hot, dry cond i t i ons during the year. The spr ing wheat yi elds and qual i ty were poor.
Add i t ional y ie ld and agronomic data for tho Central Substat i on and al l t r ia ls i n the State are found i n EC 774 ( rev . ) 1989 Var iety Recommendat i ons ( 1988 crop performance resul ts) . This publ ica t i on i s avai lable from t ocal County Extension off i ces or the Bu l l et in Room, SDSU, Brook ings, SD 57007 .
Tab le l. 1988 CPr Spring Wheat and Oat Tria ls , Highmore, SD.
Var i ety
TALLS Alex Amidon Butte 86 Chr i s Stoa Sh ie l d san -DWARFS Angus Cel t i c Cha l l enger Cua rd Le i f Len Leo 747 Marsha l l Nord i c Norseman Prospect Tel emark Wheaton W2501 W2502 2369 2385 2375(X) HS84-873(X) Westbred 926(1)
Means LSD (. 05) CV - %
BIA
1 2 . 8 1 5 . 1 20.0 9 . 9
1 6 . 9 1 6 . B
11. 4 1 3 .8 20 . 3 19 .8 9.5 9 . 7
1 6 . l 11. 0 1 3 . 7 1 2 . 2 18 . 3 1 5 . 9 18. 1 1 6 . 4 18 .2 18 .7 17 .8 22.S 17 .0 19 .0
1 6 . 5 3.2
1 3 . 9
TW
53 52 54
50 52 53
51
53 53 53
49 54 53
50 54 51 53 52 50 48 49 53 54 56 50 54
52
Var iety
Benson Burnett Don Hazel Hytest Kel l y Lancer Lyon Moore Nodaway 70 Ogle Otee Porter Preston Proat Sandy Starter
Steele Trucker Va l l ey Webster Wr i ght
Means LSD ( . 05) CV = J
BIA TW
37.9 4 3 . 3 6 1 . 9 6 1 . 3 43 . 7 32.0 44 . 6 42 .8 35 . 8 25.5 62 . 2 48.8 44 . 6 4 5 . 9 34. 1 30. 3 5 1 . 7 35 .0 4 3 . 0 46 .0 5 7 . 9 40.4
4 5 . 6 9 .8
1 5 . 4
34 35 35 36 37 37 36 32 30 35 33 35 31 34 3 1 27 37 31 33 32 34 35
33
-29-
Table 2. 1988 CPT Barley Trials.
Entry BIA 'J'W
Azure 37 • .f 42 Bowman 53 .2 49 Cat latin 43.3 45 Glenn 45.3 45 Hazen 36.2 44 llorex 24.9 43 Primus I I 53.3 46 Robust 39.6 44 ND 7691 33.4 44 ND 8671 42.2 46 81602 38.2 43
Means 40.4 44 LSD ( . OS) 8.1 CV - � 14 . 1
Table 3. 1988 Winter Wheat Trials, CPr
Variety 8/A TW Variety_ BIA TW
Abilene 38.2 55 Norkan 34 . 5 55 Aaassiz 25.5 50 Norw i n 22.5 46 Arkan 35.8 52 Quantum 542 50.2 54 Arapahoe 48.S 53 Quantum 562 44.5 52 Bennett 43.0 54 Quantum XH696 43.9 51 Bounty 205 40.5 54 Red land 40.9 50 Bounty 301 37 .S 53 Rodeo 39 .1 54 Lancota 32 .7 51 Rose 30.0 49 Brule 42.3 51 Rouahrider 29.5 51 Centura 40.1 52 Saa• 38.4 54 Centurk 78 37.6 49 Scout 66 33.4 56 Cody 42.7 50 Seward 30.4 48 Colt 37.3 so Sioux l and 44.4 51 Dawn 39.7 53 TAU 107 26.2 54 Dodge 36.9 54 Thunderb i rd 43 .6 56
• Means 37 . 3 52 LSD ( . OS) 4.6
8.8 c.v. - J
-30-
WINTER WHEAT BREEDING
Jeff Oellner and Roy Schut
Approximately 500 7-row plots and 400 I-row plots were planted in 1988. AJ t.hauzh tho, s late npe-r UtllCDd ._ droughl ' r ,al di of w]ntar wboat al Hl ahm,iuo went tarta in])I ilCC:eplab l a. The &'landard variations awrapt.l 37.3 bu/acroT FIYO o�cr tw1:ntaf 1 inu WOiO iru:T udcd. In particular-- . soe2102 and sut,598---1' •�o tboinr oval uatad r1r possib lo relcsa:se. ihei r psrforma:nco at li;hmoro 1
however, was not as good as expected. Included below are yield and test weight data for several high yielding varieties and the two advanced J i nes.
Yield TW by/A lb/bu
Abi lone 38 55 Arapahoe 49 53 Bru le 42 51 Sioux land 44 51 Thunderbird 43 56 $076598-7 39 51 $082102 36 48 Roso 30 49
Seward 30 48 Roughridor 30 51
In the above table, the higher yielding varieties are generally less winterhardy than those with lower yields. The past several winters in South Dakota have been genera l ly mil d and the summers hot. This weather favors less winterhardy varieties.
In response to this we are using more wheat lines developed in the Southern Plains in our breedint proaram. Below are the top five yielding advanced bulk populations to show for comparison .
Yield TW bu/A lb/bu
SD84451 48 56 $084347 47 56 SD84272 47 56 5084326 45 56 5084277 44 55
The same number of plots were seeded on September 15, 1988 to swmner fal lowed land. Stands were good.
•
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OORN BREB>INC PROJECT
Zeno Wicks III and Cary Scholten
The Highmore Research Far� is where our corn genotypes are evaluated for moisture stress. The materials beinr screened wore planted on May 11, 1988. After emergence, rows were thinned to a final plant population of 13,000 plants per acre. Tho corn was harvested with a combine on September 23, 1988. Two studies were evaluated at Highmore in 1988.
In the first stud,. yield and agronomic data collected from seven diverse inbreds, alon; with various single cross hybrid combinat ions from these inbreds, was compared with the same materials grown under an irrigation system that produces mini moisture environments. The objective of this study is to develop a controlled irrigation system that simulates multi-location yield trials of various moisture regimes. Linear regression slopes of irriaated trials and multi-locat i onal yiel d trials have been found to be in close agreement. This system �ould allow the breeder to evaluate material under a controlled irri£at i on program and alleviate the need and expense associated with yield trials at several locations for assessing stability.
Tho second experiment evaluates the potential of farmer use of modified double cross hybrids in place of single cross hybrid seed corn in the traditionally lower yielding corn growing areas of South Dakota.
Fifteen single-cross hybrids were used in making three separate double-cross hybrid populations. Six of the fifteen hybrids. of approximately the same maturity. were used in combination in each population. The entries consisted of the single cross hybrids, a double-cross population with one-sixth of the mixture being selfed seed , and a double cross population containing no selfed seed.
The results of this study in 1988 are shown in the fol lowing table.
Yield Diff . D i f f . Avg. 1
Cbu/A) (bu) (%) {bu/A)
Pop. 1 6 hybrids 19.22 Double-cross (no selfs) 17. 36 1.86 -10.0
Pop. 2 6 hybrids 26.49 60.57 Double-cross (with selfs) 25.19 - 1 . 30 -4.9 61.62 Double-cross (no selfs) 23.42 -3.07 -11.6
Pop. 3 6 hybrids 27. 50 49.42 Double-cross (with selfs) 23.71 -3.79 -13.8 47. 30 Double-cross (no selfs) 22.50 -5.00 -18.2
Population 2 average of 3 years data; Population 3 average of 2 yea rs data.
-32-
Population 2 has shown the most promise, although this may not be the best hybrid combination that could potentially be produced.
Double-cross hybrid corn could be produced and sold to farmers at one-third to half the cost of single-cross hybrid corn with little or no yield reduction. Input costs for producing corn in central South Dakota would decrease as a result.
SOYBEAN RESEARCH
Brad Farber and Mike Volek
There is a growing interest in the potential offered by soybeans as a cropping option in central South Dakota. Soybeans have the ability to withstand and recover from periods of drought and heat stress and are successfully being grown by many producers in traditional small grain a�eas of central, north contra) , and northeastern South Dakota. An earlier study in 1985 indicated very positive results when compared to small grains. Due to continued interest in soybeans by area farmers, an experiment was planned using three varieties of differing maturity groups commonly grown in the state.
The varieties chosen were Dawson, a Croup O medium early maturing variety; Sibley. a Croup I medium maturity variety; and Elgin 87 . an early Croup I I later maturing variety. Croup O and Croup I maturity soybeans are generally recommended for growers in central South Dakota. The study was planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications to minimize variability associated with problems such as soil differences and border effects. Treflan herbicide was incorporated prior to planting for weed control. The soybean seed was inoculated with Rhizobium sp. innoculant at planting time. Planting was done on 30-inch row spacings at approximately 110,000 seeds per acre on May 12 , 1988. The soybeans were also cultivated twice for additional weed control during the growing season. At maturity, two rows ten feet in length were hand harvested from each plot on September 22, 1988 for determining grain yields.
..
•
-33-
RESULTS
Grain yields are shown in the following table.
Variety Croup Crain Yield
---bu/A---
Dawson 0 12 . 4
Sibley 1 5 . 1
Elgin 87 I I 1 1 . 8
Average 13 . 1
c.v. = 22.6J
Although differences did occur. they are not statistically different due to tho large degree of sampling variability in 1988. The high coefficient of variability (C . V . ) indicates that we should have harvested a larger area in each plot and perhaps increased the nwnber of replications to reduce the variability.
It appears, oven in this l imited trial, that soybeans may be a viable alternative to farmers in the central region of South Dakota. Considering the high soybean prices of 1988 and farm program prices for wheat, comparable or better net returns could have been achieved by growing soybeans. Yields of spring wheat in 1988 at the research farm were 60 percent Jess than the past seven year average.
Tho soybean study conducted on the farm i n 1985 wi th five variet i es of differing maturity groups a l so showed very positive results when compared to wheal. The five varieties in the study averaged 25 bushels per acre. Wheat yields in 1985 were severely reduced due to earl y heat and drought stress. Soybeans were able to take advantage of above normal precipitation during the remainder of the growing season.
Soybeans may offer the farmer another alternative for crop rotations as a way of breaking weed, disease or i nsect cycles. They may also provide a means for diversification of a producers operation which ultimately adds to the stability of income for that producer. If inoculated at planting, they provide a nitrogen credit of one pound of N per bushel of soybeans produced. This amount can be subtracted directly from the nitrogen rate recommended by a soil test. Soybean research will be continued and hopefully expanded at tho Central Crops and Soils Research Farm in the future.
-34-
NITROCEN ADDITI<l6 FOR CORN
R. Gelderman. S. Swartos and M. Volek
INTRODUCTION
Approximately 50� of the total fertilizer nitrogen applied in South Dakota is used on corn. The need for efficient and profitable nitrogen recommendations for corn is apparent. The best guide available for recommending fertilizer is a soil test. Soil tests need to be correlated to field response data such as reported here.
The objective of this study is to determine the relationship of the nitrate-nitrogen soil test to yield response of corn to nitrogen fertilizer.
METHODS
The study was located on the west side of the Highmore experiment farm on a Stickney soil. These soils are deep, moderatel y well-drained, nearly l evel soils formed in glacial till. Results of soil tests from samples taken in the spring are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 . Soil test results of nitrogen corn study at planting, Highmore, 1988.
-------N03-N-------
0-24 0-60 p K pH ------- lb/A-------- J
3.2
-------------- l b/A----------------
55 86 58 1300 6. 4
The soil tests indicated a fairly low level of available n i trogen in the top two feet with normal levels from two to f i ve feet. Phosphorus and potassium are considered very high. ·ihe soil is sl ightly acidic in react i on.
The previous crop was spring wheat. The area was fall chiseled and disked before planting Pioneer 3902 (85 day maturity) on 12 May 1988 at a population of approximate l y 16,000 plants per acre. The fertilizer rate treatments were spread on the soil surface as ammonium nitrate about two weeks after planting. The rates used wer� o . 30, 60, 90, and 120 lb of actual nitrogen per acre. Each treatment was replicated four times. The plots were harvested for grain on 20 September 1988.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Unlike most of the state, rainfal l was adequate here for the growing season. A total of 8. 1·5 inches f e 1 1 in the period of June-September, another 3.42 inches of rain was received i n May. As a result, fair corn yields were produced (Table 2). Hot, dty winds at pol lination did l imit y ield lo some degree.
..
... 35_
The yields were not affected by rate of nitroaen. Apparently the resi dual nitro1en that was available in the aprin1, plua nitro1en mineralization from aoil or1an i c matter met the needs of the 70 bu/A corn.
This work will be continued at least one more year. Results of several other stud ies will be summarized •t that time to determine how soil tests can be better used to predict fertilizer N needs for corn.
Table 2. Crain yield •• influenced by rate of n itrogen, Highmore, 1988.
Rate of N
0 30 60 90
120
Si,n.
Grain Yietd• US! moisture)
72 70 67 78 64
non-sianif icant (F = 0.61)
-36-
CBEATQRASS IN WINTER WHEAT
Leon J . Wra1e and Paul O. Johnson
PURPOSE:
To evaluate performance of experimental compounds on cheatgrass control in winter wheat. There are presently no product registered for postemergence control.
METHODS:
Plot Design: Randomized Complete Block Plot Size: lO 'x 50' Previ ous Crop : Winter wheat So i l: S ilty loam ; 2.6 O.M. ; 6.0 pH Crop: Rose Planted: 9/21/87 Herb ic i de: FALL: 10/10/87
EARLY SPRING: 4/1/88 Evaluated: 7/6/88 Rainfall: 1st week Trace
RESULTS:
2nd week 0.00 inches
Due to very dry fall condit i ons, treatments were not act i vated to the extent needed. Only one treatment aave above 80 percent control and this one also had a h i gh crop response. Past years have g iven more successful control. The products w ill continue to be ev�luated.
•
-37-
1988 CHEAT IN WINTER WHEAT
Highmore Research Farm
Treatment
FALL
Check +Tycor+Sencor/Lexone +Tycor+Sencor/Lexone +Tycor+Sencor/Lexone
+Sencor/Lexone +Sencor/Lexone
+Bladex+Sencor/Lexono +Atrazine
EARLY SPRING
+Tycor+Sencor/Lexone +Tycor+Sencor/Lexone
LSD ( .05)
+ Experimental
Evaluated : 7/6/88 FALL: 10/10/87 EARLY SPRING: 4/1/88 Planting Date: 9/21/87 Rainfall: 1st week Trace
2nd week Nono
lb/A act.
1+ .06 l+.125 l+ . 125
. 25 . s
. 5+. 125 . s
l+. 125 1 .25+.5
Per:eent Control T� Dabr -"--'---'-'- -
0 51 44 68
65 81
85 72
56 35
38.7
Average 2 reps
Tamu=Tansy mustard Dobr=Down.y brome
0 22 46 54
22 46
38 15
54 82
18.8
VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating
o . o 0.0 0 . 0 0 . 0
0 . 0 0.0
5 . 0 25.0
o .o 37 . 5
10.7
-38-
WINTER IBP.AT/KOCBIA SCREENINC
Leon J . Wra1e and Paul 0. Johnson
PURPOSE:
To evaluate performance of labeled herbicides and experimental compounds on control of kochia in winter wheat. Replicated plots provide an excellent opportunity to evaluate a number of herbicides for control and yield .
METHODS:
Plot Design : Randomized Complete Block Plot Size: 10• x 50' Previous Crop : Spring wheat Soil: Silty loam; O.U. 2.6; pH 6.0 Crop: Rose Planted: 9/21/87 Herbicide: FALL: 10/10/87
TILLER: 4/28/88 JOINTING: 5/24/88
Evaluated: 7/6/88
RESULTS:
Due to dry conditions no yields were taken. Several treatments were above 90 percent kochia control. Clean in the spring also provided above 90% grass control. The pressure was litht due to dry conditions, no secondary flushes were observed..
•
·39-
1988 WINTER WHEAT/KOCHI A SCREENINO
Highmore Station
Treatment
Check 2 .4-D ester Glean+X-77 Banvel+2, 4-D amine Clean+2.4-D ester
TILLER
Clean+X·77 Clean+2, 4-D estor+X-77
JOIN'TlNC
Al ly+X-77 Ally+2. 4-0 amine+X-77
+Harmony Extra+X-77 +Harmony Extra+Banvel+X-77
+Expross+X-77 +Express+Banvel+X-77 Banvel+IICPA amine Banvel+Z . 4-D ester
Bronate Bronate+2.4-D ester 2 , 4-D amine 2, 4-D ester Tordon 22k+2 . 4-0 ester
+ Experimental
Evaluated : 7/6/88 FALL: 10/10/87
LSD (. 05)
TILLER : 4/28/88 JOINTINO: 5/24/88 Planting Date: 9/21/88
Percent Control I b/A act. Cva55 l!.'ichi a
. s .021+.SJ .125+.25 .021+.25
.021+.25J .021+.25+.25J
.004+.SJ
.004+.25+.25J
.023+.25J
.023+.125+.25J
.023+.25J
. 023+.12s+. 2s,
.125+.25 . 125+.33
.75
. s+ .,s
. s
. 5
. 015+. 25
0 0
58 0
79
95 96
52 46 34 25
18 9 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
11 .2
Average 4 reps
Grass=Oreen foxtail Kocz=Kochia
0 15 95 38 94
96 97
97 96 96 96
92 92 78 91
89 86 55 74 75
9.3
Rainfa ll : 1st week 0.67 inches 2nd week 0.77 inches
CRAIN SORGBlll SCREENING
Leon J . Wra1e and Paul O. Johnson
PURPOSE:
To evaluate performance of labeled and experimental herbicides for weed con 'l ro I l n Sfflll i -,11 rid c I Im.a Le. Scren 1 ng lf i a.ls prov t d st da:-e:;i-s i-do eo111Jlad&a:n.s and rep-l h:aled abarvaUcms. to hmure: unTrormH,. EY<1 luat icn of performance during 1988 provides control comparisons based on this yea r ' s cond i ti ons.
METHODS:
Plot Desian : Randomized Complete Block Plot Size: 10 ' x 50' Previous Crop: Wheat Soil : Silty loam; 2.6 O.M. ; 6.0 pH Crop : Pioneer 894 Planted: 5/25/88 Cultivation: None Herbicide: PRE: 5/26/88
POST: 6/16/88 LPOS: 7/6/88
Evaluated: 9/23/88 Rainfall : 1st week .25 inches
2nd week Trace
RESULTS :
Plols '�era v [sua l l y o�lualed !�r perelffll ]P11sti contro l . Y is�al crop r-es:plffl50• and. yifllcl.. Crop r� showed up 1110-tn.ly h 1 lhn I ale opp I ; � l �ami. Th is ls lso whara reduced y ields ate itiuic:alc:d. Cr-au pn,:isure ¥t11s madi=ra1e and really only showed a reduction in yield on the check.
•
•
-41-
1988 GRAIN SORCHlll SCREENING Hialunore Research Farm
Treatment PREEMERCENCE
La.s.s11
lb/A act. !: CantToJ
Cra:5o'"l, Yield bu/A
Dual Ramrod Chock
AETBIERGEHCE Atrazin�
+Tough+atrazine Banvel+atrazine
PREEUERCENCE & POSTS.ERCENCE +Ramrod&Tough+atrazine Ramrod&Laddok+COC Ramrod&Laddok+28J N
Ramrod&2,4·D ester +Ramrod&2,4-D ester Ramrod&2,4-D amine Ramrod&Banvol Ramrod&Banvel Ramrod&Banvel+X·77
Ramrod&Buct r 1 1 Ramrod&Buctril+atrazine Ramrod&Buctr il+atrazine
+Ramrod&AI ly +Rarnrod&Ally+2,4-D amine
2. 5 2 5
1+1 qt .9+1 .5+1
3&.45+.6 3&1+1 qt 3&1+1 gal
3&.25 3&. S 3&.5 3&. 12 3&.25 3&.25+.63J
3&.375 3&.25+.5 3&. 3 75+1 3&.0037 3&.0037+.125
Pl!a!RCc�C'E !; LATE POSiEMERCENCE Rmltfod&Z, 4-0 ester 3&.25
+Ramrod&2, 4·D ester 3&.5 Ramrod&2,4-D amine 3&.5 Ramrod&Banvol 3&.12 Ramrod&Banvel 3&.25 Ramrod&Banvel +X-77 3&.25+.63J
Ramrod&Buctril Ramrod&Buctril+atrazine
+Rarnrod&A 1 I y +Ramrod&A.1 J y+2, 4-D
LSD (. 05)
+Experimental
3&.375 3&.375+1 3&.0037 3&.0037+.125
Average 2 reps
0
55 74 62
94 82 88
82 89 86 83 87 82
85 82 90 76 82
84 86 80 88 84 84
76 79 62 67
6.4
o . o
o . o 0.0 o . o
0 . 0 0.0 0.0
o . o 7. 5 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0 . 0 0.0 0 . 0 0.0 4.0 9 . 9
0 . 0 0.0
72.5 57. 5 5.0
Evaluated: 9/23/88 PRE: 5/26/88
VCRR=Visual Crop Response Rating Orass=Yellow foxtail
POST: 6/16/88 lPOS: 7/6/88 Planting Date: 5/25/8�
Rainfall: 1st week 0.25 inches 2nd week 0.00 inches
56.6 52.5 51.8 38.5
51.9 51.2 49.3
53.5 65.4 64.6
59.3 56.3 57 .1 57. 3 51.1 57.0
56.1 64.8 57.3 58.0 55. 4
64.3 53. 8 52. 5 54.3 44.5 40 . 0
56. 7 55.0 34.2 41.3 21. 7
-42-
CORN HERBICIDE DEllCliSTRATION
Leon J . Wraae and Paul O. Johnson
PURPOSE:
To evaluate performance of labeled and soon to be labeled herbicides for weed control in semi-arid climate. Demonstration p l ots provide side-by-side comparisons of herbicides. These plots were included on field tours and the information is used in educationa l programs. Evaluation of performance during 1988 provides control comparisons based on this year ' s conditions.
METHODS:
Plot Design: Demonstration Plot Size: to• x 100' Previous Crop: Wheat Soil: Silty loam; 2.6 O.M.; 6.0 pH Crop: Corn - Funks C-4084 Planted: 5/25/88 Cultivation: None Herbicide: PPI: S/25/88
PRE: 5/26/88 Post: 6/16/88
Evaluated: 6/22/88 Rainfall: 1st week 0 . 25 inches
2nd week Trace
RESULTS:
Plots were visually evaluated for percent grass and broadleaf weed contro l. Herbicides were broadcast over seedbed. Green foxtail pressure was heavy. Redroot pigwoed was light to moderate pressure. Cropstand was uniform.
Results in 1988 were good. Rainfall was below norma l for the season. Preplant incorporated treatments were excellent. Also preemergence treatments requiring minirnal rainfall for activation were good. Other herbicides were somewhat erratic. Seven treatments exceeded 90% control of all weed species. Prep l ant incorporated treatments not needina rainfall for activation provided excel l ent results alone or in combination.
-43-
1988 CORN HERBICIDE DEMONSTRATION
Highmore Research Farm
Treatment
PREPLANT INCORPORATED Check . Eradicane Eradicano+atrazine Eradicane+B J adex Eradicane+B J adex Eradicane+Bladex+atrazine Su tan+
SHALLOW PREPLANT INCORPORATED Lasso Dual
PREEMEROENCE Atrazine Bladex Dual Lasso Prowl Ramrod
+Tophand
Lasso+Bladex Dual +atrazine Ramrocl+Bladex Prowl+Banvel+atrazine
POSTEMERCENCE Prowl+afrazine Prowl+Bladex Atrazine+COC B ladex+X-77 Tandem+Bladex+atrazine+X-77 Prowl+Bladex+Banvel+atrazine
PREEMERCENCE & POSTEMERCENCE Ramrod&Banvol Ramrod&2, 4-D amine Ramrod&Buctril Ramrod&Buctril+atraz ine Ramrod&Banvel+atrazine
+Ramrod&M6316+COC
ib/A act.
4 4+1 4+1.S 2+1 4+1+.s 4
3 2.5
2.5 3 2 . s 3 1 .5 6 2.34
1 . 25+2 2+1 4+2 l+.25+. 5
1.5+1 1.5+1.5 1.5+1 qt 2+.SJ .5+1+.S+.5% 1 + 1. 5+. 25+ . 5
4&.25 4& . S 4& . 38 4&.25+.5 4&.25+.5 4&.0039+1 qt
PPI&Pl anting : S/25/88 PRE : 5/26/88
Rai nf a l l :
POST: 6/16/88 Evaluated: 6/22/88
1st week .25 inches 2nd week Trace
Percent Weed Control 1988*
Cr Bdlf
0 98 98 98 95 98 93
90 82
50 72 75 82 70 79 92
73 68 75 78
65 70 62 70 78 70
so 80 82 80 78 60
+ E�per imental
0 94 96 95 92 96 95
90 80
92 75 73 BO 75 so 75
75 75 82 80
70 74 72 70 85 80
85 65 86 90 90 80
Cr=Creen foxta il Bdlf�Redroot p i gweed
-44-
FIElD EVALUATICfi OF ICXJ>Y Pl.ANT IIATERIALS
Russel l Haas, Plant Mater ia ls Specia l ist
The f ie ld eva l uat i on s i te at Highmore, South Dakota, continues to be the "garden spot" of the 12 f i eld eva luat i on p lant i n2s l ocated i n North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota. Tho excel lent maintenance i s ref l ected i n the good. survival and rate of growth of the trees.
Performance data from this si te has been used to support the cooperat i ve release of several tree and shrub cul t i vars i n the past few years. Among them are:
•eardan' areen ash ( 1 979) •Oahe' hackborry ( 1982) •Scarlet ' Mongo l ian cherry ( 1984) 'Sakakawea ' s i l ver buffaloberry ( 1984) 'Centenn ia l ' cotoneaster ( 1 987)
These cul t i vars are now in largo sca le product i on and have been wel t accepted and extens i ve ly used for f i e l d and/or farmstead wi ndbreaks t wi ld l i fe , recreat ion, and hi ghway r ights-of-way plant ings i n the Dakotas and M innesota. Somo of those cul t i vars are be i ng tested for adaptat i on i n Montana. Wyom i ng, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, M issour i , Iowa , and the east coast .
Prom is ing accessi ons being considered for future release are:
ND-14 harbi n pear ( 1989-90) ND-20 arnold hawthorn ( 1989-90) N0-1 1 amur honeysuck l e ND-629 amur maple
ND-1879 honeylocust SD-131 mayday ND-83 late l i lac ND-283 Russ ian almond
1988 Act i v i t i es
Apr i l 25 - Survival of winter injury data was recorded on the accessi ons p lanted i n 1987. Yost p lants survi ved we l l and few replacements wore needed.
M inor prunin2 was done to remove damaged branches; and p lants in weak cond t t ion due to poor adaptat i on and performance were removed.
September 1 9 - Surv i va l and growth measurements were recorded on the accessions p lanted i n the spring and older accessions schedu l ed for eva luat ion. Severe heat and drought stress was noted on near ly a l l spec i es . Overal l surv i val at this s i te i n 1988 was better than at any other si te.
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The fol l owing new accessions were added for eva l uat i on :
Access i on ,Mpmt;y,r
ND-3744 9019577
ND-2103 399414
9057409
Meadow Lark 9005886
Hedge King
ND-2506 9047227
ND-83 9006228
Redbi rd 9004972
9047231
ND-276 9057404
Genus/Species Acess i on 01 i_t,1 n/Source
Korean barberry Barber i s koreana NDSU
Number
ND .. 1567 9005751
h ighbush cranberry Red-Wing Viburnum opulus P. I . Sta. , Ames, IA
American haze 1 OCin r P e.mer r-eamt Tu.r 'l J e Mountains, Bott ineau Co. , ND
forsyth ia Forsxthia ovata ?. I . Sta. , Ames,
honeysuck l e
IA
Lonicera xy losteum Wedge Nursery, Albert Lea, IIN
maximow icz caragana
477008
ND-2507 9047228
323597
Rem-Red 421135
9057413 Cara2ana maximowicziana USDA, SCS, PUC, B ismarck ND, Increase B lock
late l i lac Svr inga vi I ( osa Res. Sta. , Morden,
Corne l ian dogwood Cornus mas USDA, SCS, PUC• Elsberry, MO
Russ ian ol i ve
CA
El aeaanus angust i fo l ia Ch in le , AZ.
nannyberry Vi burnum lentago Res. Sta. , Morden, CA
9057411
9057412
9057410
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Genus/Species Or igin/Source
hawthorn Cratae2us !J!· Wei Is Co . , ND USDA, SCS, PMC, B ismarck,
autumn o l i ve Elaeagnus umbel lata USDA, SCS, Pt.IC, Rose Lake,
p igmy caragana Caragana PYIF?!! NDFS, Bot t ineau, ND
chokeberry Aronia mel anocar2a P. I . Sta . , Ames, IA
amur honeysuck l e Lonicera maack i i USDA, SCS, PMC, Cape May, NJ
ponderosa p ine Pinus 12onderosa Glendi ve , N.T NDFS
lodgepo l e p ine Pinus contorta Edmonton, A lberta, Canada NDFS
bur oak Quercus macrocarea NDFS Foster Co . , ND
hackberry Ce t t i a occidental i s NDFS Bott ineau Co. , ND
ND
Ml
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OENERAL CCMIENTS
Several tree species suffered herbicide damage in 1987. some evidence of borers in older green ash.
The tall tree block (Block 11) , the medium tall tree block (Block 12) , and the shrub block (Block 13) are completely filled.
The low, wet area in the southwest corner of the tall tree block will be used to evaluate accessions of hybrid poplars.
Overflow from the tall tree block (Block # 1 ) wilt be planted in the open areas in the conifer block (Block 14 ) . This new b lock will be considered Block NS.
-...- Due to the lack of space, we will have to begin a program of removal of those accessions that do not exhibit potential for release. Th i s
will mean removal of common species that have been valuab l e as specimens for demonstration purposes.
Fruit/seed has been harvested from trees of several of lhe released cultivars and provided to nurseries in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota. The resulting trees are utilized in fie ld and farmstead windbreaks, etc. , in those states.
DRIP IRRIGATIOO PROJECT .. BIGBlllRE 1988
Sheridan Dronen
This project was established in 1985 and has gone through four growing seasons. It appears that there is no advantage to drip irrigating shrubs. There is very good growth on all shrubs in both the dry and drip plots. The Mongolian cherry had to be replanted in the drip plots because of chemical damage and therefore, it is shorter than the dryland plots.
There are differences in growth on most of the midsize and ta ll deciduous and conifer trees. Crowth comparisons are listed on the attached table.
Only the Co l orado blue spruce, in the annual survival plot, showed a big increase in survival (90 vs. 20) on tho drip plot.
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1988 Growth Comparisons Drip vs. Dryland
Set #1 Skunkbrush swnac Caragana Cotoneaster ND-177 Peking Cotoneaster C0111Don 1 i I ac American plum Sakakawea silver buffaloberry Scarlet Mon2olian cherry
Sel #2 Arnold hawthorne Siberian crabapple Siberian apricot Harbin pear Schuberts chokecherry Amur maple Midwest crabapple Russian olive
Set 13 Black Bills spruce Ponderosa pine (Rosebud) £astern redcedar Rocky Ut. juniper Colorado blue spruce Scotch pine Ponderosa pine (Lead) Siberian larch
Set 14 Common green ash Cardan green ash Siberian elm Black walnut Honeylocust ND-1879 Oahe hackberry Bur oak Si Iver maple
Sol f§_ Ponderosa pine (bareroot) Ponderosa pino (potted) Hackberry Bur oak Creen ash Colorado blue spruce
J Increase and Treatment With Best Crowth*
same same same 14% - drip same same same 30J - dry
13% - drip 14% .. drip 15J - dr ip same 46% • drip same same 20% - d r i p
48% - drip 14% drip same same 22, - drip 32% .... dr i p 31J - dr i p l l J - drip
same same UJ - drip same 17J - drip 17J - drip 46J - drip same
Pe-rceru �rv i v!! Dr�p� Orv
60� 60% BO% 80%
90% 80%
100% 100% 100% 100% 90% 20%
•If the differences in height growth wore less than 10%, they were considered the same.
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