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another economic valuation another economic valuation approachapproach
Kathleen L. Wolf, Ph.D.Kathleen L. Wolf, Ph.D.College of Forest ResourcesCollege of Forest Resources
University of WashingtonUniversity of [email protected]@u.washington.edu
Psychosocial Services Psychosocial Services Provided Provided byby Urban Urban EcosystemsEcosystems
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www.cfr.washington.edu/research.envmindwww.cfr.washington.edu/research.envmind
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urban nature - economic urban nature - economic value?value?
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Maia says,Maia says,““science science rocks!”rocks!”
30+ years of 30+ years of urban ecosystems urban ecosystems science:science:benefits benefits && functionsfunctions
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Urban Ecosystems & GreeningUrban Ecosystems & Greening
Environmental ServicesEnvironmental Services Air pollutants reductionAir pollutants reduction Nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment Nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment
interceptioninterception Carbon emissions reduction & Carbon emissions reduction &
sequestrationsequestration Urban heat-island coolingUrban heat-island cooling Reduced “bad” ozoneReduced “bad” ozone Stormwater runoff reductionStormwater runoff reduction Wildlife habitatWildlife habitat
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Improved consumer environments in business Improved consumer environments in business districts - 9-12% product spending districts - 9-12% product spending (Wolf)(Wolf)
CBD & residential market value – CBD & residential market value – 1/4 mile, 17-36% 1/4 mile, 17-36% (Wachter & Gillen)(Wachter & Gillen)
Residential real estate values - Residential real estate values - 3-7% with trees in yard3-7% with trees in yard
Residential real estate values - Residential real estate values - 5-20%, proximity to natural open space 5-20%, proximity to natural open space (Crompton)(Crompton)
Commercial property rental rates - 7% Commercial property rental rates - 7% (Laverne)(Laverne)
Heating and cooling costs reductionsHeating and cooling costs reductions Less frequent pavement replacement Less frequent pavement replacement (McPherson)(McPherson)
Urban Ecosystems & GreeningUrban Ecosystems & Greening
Community EconomicsCommunity Economics
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Quality of lifeQuality of life AestheticsAesthetics Social capitalSocial capital Safety and hygieneSafety and hygiene RecreationRecreation
Baltimore Ecosystem StudiesBaltimore Ecosystem Studies
Ecosystem Services-SocialEcosystem Services-Social
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Most cherished in this mundane worldMost cherished in this mundane world
is a place without traffic;is a place without traffic;
truly in the midst of a citytruly in the midst of a city
there can be mountain and forest.there can be mountain and forest.
Wen Zhengming (1470-1559)Wen Zhengming (1470-1559)
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Improved surgery and illness recovery Improved surgery and illness recovery (Ulrich)(Ulrich)
Stress reduction in urban lifestyles Stress reduction in urban lifestyles (Ulrich)(Ulrich)
Reduced driving stress response Reduced driving stress response && frustration frustration (Parsons et al.)(Parsons et al.)
Improved community walkability, Improved community walkability, lower BMI lower BMI (UW Urban Eco, Naderi et al.)(UW Urban Eco, Naderi et al.)
Urban Ecosystems Urban Ecosystems && Greening Greening
Human Health Human Health && Well- Well-BeingBeing
““Human Services”Human Services”
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Higher job satisfaction, reduced absenteeism Higher job satisfaction, reduced absenteeism (R. Kaplan)(R. Kaplan)
Lower crime rates in well landscaped areas Lower crime rates in well landscaped areas (Kuo, Sullivan)(Kuo, Sullivan)
Reduced violence and more constructive Reduced violence and more constructive conflict resolution in domestic conflict conflict resolution in domestic conflict (Kuo, (Kuo, Sullivan)Sullivan)
Reduced ADHD symptoms Reduced ADHD symptoms (Faber Taylor, Kuo)(Faber Taylor, Kuo)
Urban Ecosystems Urban Ecosystems && Greening Greening
Human Cognition Human Cognition && FunctioningFunctioning
““Human Services”Human Services”
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valuation of human valuation of human services?services?
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Valuation of Greening Benefits
What is it?What is it?define benefitdefine benefitWho, When & Who, When &
How?How?define define human human
populationpopulation
Where?Where?determine rangedetermine range
What is full What is full value?value?
aggregate aggregate by place, by place,
city, nationcity, nation
Who should Who should know?know?
report resultsreport results
What is its What is its worth?worth?
determine determine valuevalue
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Collaboration? Economists?Collaboration? Economists?
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Biophysical interventions, psychosocial Biophysical interventions, psychosocial interventionsinterventions
Outcomes/affect detection across multiple, Outcomes/affect detection across multiple, diverse populationsdiverse populations
Human scales: Human scales: individual, households, small groups, individual, households, small groups, neighborhoods, districts, cityneighborhoods, districts, city
Mappable, physical traces or artifacts of Mappable, physical traces or artifacts of perceptions & behaviorsperceptions & behaviors
LTER - Ecosystem StudiesLTER - Ecosystem Studies
““Human Services” Human Services” AnalysisAnalysis
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Collaboration? Economists?Collaboration? Economists?
Questions or Comments?Questions or Comments?