AP BiologyAP Biology
Chapters 1-5
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Chapter 1Stuff
Chemistry WaterMacro-
moleculesAdvertising
Phrases
Name two prokaryote domains
domain Archae and domain Eubacteria
What is the lowest level of biological organization that can perform all the
activities required for life?
the cell
Name two properties or processes associated with
living things.
Evolutionary adaptationsenergy processing
responding to environment
growth and reproduction
List the hierarchy of biological organization
from the least to the most complex level.
Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population,
community, ecosystem, biosphere
According to Charles Darwin, how do organisms become adapted to their
environment?
When they possess inheritable traits that
enhance their survival and reproductive success.
How do isotopes of the same element differ from
each other?
The number of neutrons
What does the reactivity of an atom
depend on?
The number of valence electrons (more
specifically, the unpaired valance electrons)
What results from an unequal sharing of
electrons between atoms?
a polar covalent bond
What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
Covalent bonds result when electrons are shared
and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction
between atoms as a result of the transfer of
electrons.
Why are hydrocarbons not soluble in water?
The majority of their bonds are nonpolar
covalent carbon-hydrogen linkages
What are some characteristics of
hydrophobic substances?
They repel water because they contain
nonpolar covalent bonds
Why does ice float in water?
Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the
molecules of ice farther apart than the water
molecules of liquid water.
Why is water able to form hydrogen bonds?
Because water is a polar molecule
What would be the pH of a solution with a hydroxide ion concentration of 10-12
M?
pH 2
How does a buffer help resist shifts in pH?
It can donate hydrogen ions to a solution when they have been deplete
and it can accept hydrogen ions when they
are in excess.
Polymers of polysaccharides, fats and
proteins are all synthesized from
monomers by which process?
Dehydration synthesis
Lactose is composed of one glucose molecule joined y a glycosidic
linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose
classified?
A disaccharide
Name two functional groups found in amino
acids.
Carboxyl and amino
Why do the 20 different amino acids exhibit
different physical and chemical properties?
Because they have different side chains (R
groups)
Describe the composition of a nucleotide
A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base
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