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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Origins
Agricultural revolution
Population growth
Capital for investment• Profit
Mineral resources
Government favorable to business
Markets
Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
Cotton Industry• Water frame, Crompton’s mule, power looms
The Steam engine• Coal
• Thomas Newcomen, “atmospheric engine”
• James Watt (1736-1819) Rotary engine Flexibility of location great advantage Cotton industry
The Iron Industry• Coke
A Revolution in Transportation• Railroad
Richard Trevithick’s locomotive George Stephenson’s Rocket
A Revolution in Transportation• Railroad
Richard Trevithick’s locomotive George Stephenson’s Rocket
The Industrial Factory• Factory laborers• Time-work discipline• Reinforcement by evangelical churches
Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851Crystal PalaceGreat ExhibitionPrince Albert
The Industrial Revolution in Britain
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The Spread of IndustrializationLimitations to Industrialization
Lack of a transportation systemUpheavals of warTraditional habits of businessLack of technical education
• Britain prohibits its artisans from leaving the country• Britain forbids exportation of machinery and parts
Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy, 1844• Industrialization the path to develop a nation’s strength
Encouragement of the spread of industrialization• Entrepreneurs with technical and business Skills• Technical schools• Government support• Joint-stock investment banks
Centers of Continental IndustrializationCotton manufacturing
• Belgium• France• Germany
Impact of the steam engineCotton industry in BritainIron and coal for heavy industry in Germany and France
The Industrial Revolution in the United StatesBorrowing from Britain
• Samuel Slater, 1790Transportation networkLabor
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Non-industrialized World
Deliberate policy to prevent growth of mechanized industryIndian example
The Industrialization of Europe by 1850
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The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Population GrowthNot explained by higher birthrateDecline of the death rate
• Drop in deaths from famines, epidemics, and war• Increase in the food supply; people more resistant of disease
Congestion of the countryside
The Great HungerIrish population growthReliance on the potatoPotato crop fails, 1845-1851EmigrationSuburbsRow houses
The Growth of Cities• Growth of city populations
By 1850 London’s population is 2,363,00 Nine cities in Britain over 100,000 Less dramatic growth on the Continent
Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution
• Wealth and middle-class inhabitants often resided in the suburbs
• Sanitary conditions Disease and smell
• Adulteration of food• Moral consequences of urban life
Urban Reformers• Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890)
Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, 1842
Use of drainage Piped water Public Health Act
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
Out of mercantile tradesOut of dissenting religious minoritiesNew business aristocracy
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age
Laborers and servants
Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class
Cotton millsCoal minesChild laborPauper apprenticesWomenFactory Acts
• Factory Act of 1833• Women and children
Standards of LivingFluctuations of wages and pricesConsumptionPeriodic overproduction and unemployment