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AP US History
The Age of Expansionism1830-1860
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Background
• Territorial expansion• Commercial development• Technological progress• “Young America” – spirit of the
time: positive attitude toward market economy and industrial growth, a more aggressive foreign policy, and a celebration of virtues
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Manifest Destiny
• Believe that God had ordained American expansion across the continent
• Led to diplomatic confrontations with Britain and Mexico
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Land Acquisitions
• Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842• Annexation of Texas, 1845• Oregon dispute settled, 1846• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848• Gadsden Purchase, 1853
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Texas Independence• Mexico encouraged American settlement in Texas in the
1820s• Led to problems by 1830s (slavery question, role of
Catholic Church), and Mexico, under Santa Anna, moved to quell independence-minded Texans
• Texans revolted in 1835-1836. Rallying behind losses at the Alamo and Goliad, Texans defeated Mexico at San Jacinto
• General Sam Houston became the first president of the
“Lone Star Republic,” independent until 1845
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Texas Annexation
• Jackson, president at time of Independence, steered clear of annexation debate
• President Tyler push for annexation, but Senate voted down the treaty
• President Polk successfully campaigned for the annexation of Texas, official in 1845
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The Mexican-American War
• Mexico refused to recognize Rio Grande as Texas border, and refused to sell land to U.S.
• Under Polk’s aggressive expansionist policies, the U.S. declared war on Mexico in 1846
• Under Taylor, Kearney, Fremont, and Scott, the U.S. military quickly prevailed
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
• Mexican cession – most of present day New Mexico, Arizona and California for $15 million
• Recognition of Rio Grande as border• U.S. government assumes American claims
against Mexico• Gasdsen Purchase, 1853, gave U.S. southern
most parts of New Mexico and Arizona (potential southern railroad route)
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Internal Expansion• By the 1830s, Americans moved west,
attracted by adventure, prospect of financial gain, and (for the Mormons) religious freedom
• Americans traveled west on the Santa Fe Trail (1820s) and the Oregon Trail (1840s)
• Discovery of gold in California in 1848 led to mass movement westward
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Innovation and Expansion• Telegraphs and railroads aided internal
expansion (by the 1840s, railroads replaced canals as primary means of internal transport)
• Railroad and manufacturing led to boom in industry, more jobs, and more immigration
• Agricultural innovations eased farming and led to more settlement
• McCormick’s reaper• Deere’s plow
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Native Americans on the Frontier
• In 1834, the national government passed the Indian Intercourse Act, prohibiting settlers from going on Indian land.
• Settlers (and the government) ignored this agreement as economic prospects expanded out west
• Government changed their policies several times in the period beyond the Civil War, stay tuned