Download - APA 6th Citation Style
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA 6TH):
REFERENCING STYLE
NOOR ADILAH AZMI
PUSTAKAWAN
BAHAGIAN RUJUKAN & PENYELIDIKAN
PERPUSTAKAAN HAMZAH SENDUT
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
INTRODUCTION
BASIC AREAS OF APA STYLE
TYPE OF REFERENCES
TYPE OF IN-TEXT CITATIONS
EXAMPLE OF AUTHOR’S NAMES
CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT
EXAMPLE OF REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHIES
TOPICS
Most commonly used to cite
sources within the social sciences
Was developed by the American Psychological Association
Used in the social
sciences, including
psychology
BASIC AREAS OF APA STYLE
References page at the
end of a paper
In-text citations)
Basic formatting of
the paper
Avoiding plagiarism
Article Journal
Book
Conference Proceedings Media collection
TYPE OF REFERENCES
Website
Thesis
Report
Citation styles
APA
Chicago/
Turabian
MLANumbered
Harvard
• A way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to support your research
IN-TEXT CITATION
• Usually come at the end of a text (essay or research report) and should contain only those works cited within the text.
• Arrange by alphabetical
REFERENCES
References
In-Text Citations
TYPE OF IN-TEXT CITATIONS
• Copy an author's words directly from the text and use that exact wording in your thesis
• Provide Author, Year of publication and Pages
• Example : (Smith, 2015, p. 112)
• Example : (Smith, 2015, pp. 112-113)
• Example : (Smith, 2015, para 4) – Onlinematerial
DIRECT QUOTATION
• Putting an author’s ideas in your own words
• Usually makes the passage shorter than the original
Paraphrasing
DIRECT QUOTATION
INFO-FOCUSED
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time“ (Jones,
1998, p. 4).
AUTHOR-FOCUSED
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time” (p. 4).
PARAPHRASING
Original:
“Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and they can
consume 75 pounds of food a day”.
Paraphrase:
A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves
and hay everyday.
TIPS ON QUOTING AND
PARAPHRASING
• acknowledges • concludes • emphasizes • replies • advises • concurs • expresses • reports• responds • Interprets• charges • discusses • opposes • thinks • claims • disputes
• agrees • confirms • allows • criticizes • lists • reveals• answers • declares • objects • says • believes • disagrees • offers • suggests• remarks • writes
EXAMPLE OF AUTHOR’S NAMES:
IN TEXT CITATION
EXAMPLE OF AUTHOR’S NAMES
FULL NAME IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Siti Nurhaliza binti Taruddin (Siti Nurhaliza Taruddin, 2016)Siti Nurhaliza Taruddin (2016)
Kirubananthan a/l Sundaraju (Kirubananthan Sundaraju, 2016)Kirubananthan Sundaraju (2016)
Lee Chong Wei (Lee, 2015)Lee (2015)
Britney Spears (Spears, 2014)Spears (2014)
James W. William (William, 2013)William (2013)
Catherine Wong Siew Wing (Wong, 2015)Wong (2015)
World Health Organization (World Health Organization, 2010)World Health Organization (2010)
CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT
ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR
ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR
INFO-FOCUSED
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time“ (Jones,
1998).
AUTHOR-FOCUSED
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time”.
ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS
ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS
INFO-FOCUSED"Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time” (Jones &Petty, 1998).
AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to Jones and Petty (1998), "Studentsoften had difficulty using APA style, especiallywhen it was their first time”.
ONE WORK BY THREE AUTHORS
ONE WORK BY THREE AUTHORS
INFO-FOCUSED
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time” (Kernis,
Cornell, & Harlow, 1993)
Subsequent citations:
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et
al., 1993)
ONE WORK BY THREE AUTHORS
AUTHOR-FOCUSED
According to Kernis, Cornell and Harlow (1993)
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time”.
Subsequent citations:
According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often
had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time”.
ONE WORK BY FOUR AUTHORS
ONE WORK BY FOUR AUTHORS
INFO-FOCUSED
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time” (Kernis,
Cornell, Sun, & Harlow, 1993)
Subsequent citations:
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et
al., 1993)
ONE WORK BY FOUR AUTHORS
AUTHOR-FOCUSED
According to Kernis, Cornell, Sun and Harlow
(1993) "Students often had difficulty using APA
style, especially when it was their first time”.
Subsequent citations:
According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often
had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time”.
ONE WORK BY FIVE AUTHORS
ONE WORK BY FIVE AUTHORS
INFO-FOCUSED
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time” (Kernis,
Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
Subsequent citations:
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et
al., 1993)
ONE WORK BY FIVE AUTHORS
AUTHOR-FOCUSED
According to Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry and
Harlow (1993) "Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when it was their first
time”.
Subsequent citations:
According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often
had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time”.
ONE WORK BY SIX OR MORE AUTHORS
ONE WORK BY SIX OR MORE
AUTHORS
INFO-FOCUSED
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et
al., 1993)
Subsequent citations:
"Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time” (Kernis et
al., 1993)
ONE WORK BY SIX OR MORE
AUTHORS
AUTHOR-FOCUSED
According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often
had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time”.
Subsequent citations:
According to Kernis et al. (1993) "Students often
had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time”.
GROUPS AS AUTHORS
GROUPS AS AUTHORS
INFO-FOCUSED“Any trip to Italy should include a visit to Tuscanyto sample their exquisite wines” (World HealthOrganization, 2015).
AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to World Health Organization (2015) “Anytrip to Italy should include a visit to Tuscany to sampletheir exquisite wines”.
TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE
SAME PARENTHESES
INFO-FOCUSED"Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time“ (Jones,1998; Sun, 1995).
AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to Jones (1998) and Sun (1995)"Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time”.
AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST
NAME
INFO-FOCUSED"Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time“ (E. Jones,1998; L. Jones, 1995).
AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to E. Jones (1998) and L. Jones (1995)"Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time”.
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME
AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR
INFO-FOCUSED"Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time“ (Jones &Sun, 2000a, 2000b)
AUTHOR-FOCUSEDAccording to Jones and Sun (2000a, 2000b)"Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time”.
NO IDENTIFIED AUTHOR OR WITH
AN ANONYMOUS AUTHOR
“Any trip to Italy should include a visit to
Tuscany to sample their exquisite wines”
(Anonymous, 2010)
UNKNOWN AUTHOR AND
UNKNOWN DATE
Another study of students and research
decisions discovered that students succeeded
with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interviews, letters, e-mails, memos and other person-to-person communication
Cite personal communications in text only
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her
students had difficulties with APA style (personal
communication, November 3, 2002).
EXAMPLES OF
REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHIES
BOOK
Author A. A. (Year). Title.
Place Published: Publisher.
Alverez, A. (1970). The savage
god: A study of suicide.
New York: Random House.
CHAPTER IN A BOOK
Author A. A. & Author B. B. (Year). Title
of chapter or entry. In Editor A. A.
& Editor B. B. (Eds.), Title of book
(pages). Place Published: Publisher.
Alverez, A. & Sun J. (2010). A study of
suicide. In Smith, J. W. & Shotton,
M. A. (Eds.), The savage god (55-
60). New York: Random House.
E-BOOK
Author A. A. (Year of
Publication). Title of the
book: Subtitle of the book.
Place of publication:
Publisher. Retrieved from URL
Kornblum, W. (2002). At sea in the city:
New York from the water’s edge.
Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books.
Retrieved from http://www.workman.
com/algonquin
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH URL
Author A. A. (Year of Publication).
Title of article. Journal Title,
volume(issue), pages.
Retrieved from complete URL
Banham, G. (2001). Transcendental
philosophy and artificial life. Cultural
Machine, 3(2) 111-155. Retrieved from
http://www.culturemachine.net/index
URL
VOLUMEISSUE
PAGES
JOURNAL TITLE
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH DOI
Author A. A. (Year of Publication).
Title of article. Journal Title,
volume(issue), pages.
Retrieved from DOI
Banham, G. (2001). Transcendental
philosophy and artificial life. Cultural
Machine, 3. Retrieved from
doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.255
ARTICLE IN
NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE/JOURN
AL
Author A. A. (Year of Publication).
Title of article. Journal Title,
volume(issue), pages.
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to
strengthen state energy policies. The
Country Today, 5(10), 300-310.
THESIS
Author A. A. (Year).
Title of thesis (Unpublished
Doctoral dissertation or master’s
thesis). Name of Institution,
Location.
Alverez, A. (2015). The savage
god: A study of suicide (Unpublished
Doctoral dissertation). Universiti
Sains Malaysia, Penang.
THESIS (ONLINE)
Author A. A. (Year).
Title of thesis (Doctoral
dissertation or master’s
thesis). Retrieved form Name of
database
Alverez, A. (2015). The savage
god: A study of suicide (Master’s
thesis). Available from Proquest
Dissertations and Theses database.
(UMI No. 1234567)
INTERVIEW RECORDED &
AVAILABLE IN AN ARCHIVE
Interviewee (Year, Month Day
Interview). Interview by
[Description of material]. Name of
collection. Name of Repository,
Location.
Lee, C. W. (2015, October 31). Interview
by Noor Adilah Azmi [tape recording].
President’s Oral History Project. USM
Repository, Penang.
OTHER RESOURCES
• Cite right : a quick guide to citation styles–MLA, APA, Chicago, the sciences, professions, and more / Charles Lipson - (KRISALIS & eBrary)
• https://referencephsusm.wordpress.com/citation-styles-simple-guides/
• Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism (2nd Edition) - (eBrary)
Thank You
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