Download - APA Style-Citation and Reference Guide
APA StyleAn Overview
What is APA Style?The Big Picture
1) APA=American Psychological Association
2) Uniform format used for social sciences Psychology, Linguistics, etc. Business Nursing
3) Organization, Style, Citations
4) Reasons: Clear direction, less distractions,
Audience Connection
APA Style
Writing style is the voice an author uses to communicate with the audience.
APA Style Guidelines:◦ 1st person acceptable/preferred in APA style
(unless assignment says differently)◦ Clear and Simple=Good◦ Vague and Complex=Bad◦ Concise=Good◦ Wordy and/or Repetitious=Bad◦ Avoid poetic language
APA Stylistics
Vary from Class to Class
May not include all elements
Definition of elements may vary
May include additional elements
Follow Professor’s Instructions
Basic FormatOverall Mechanics
Typed Double Spaced 12pt Font Serif (Times New Roman for Body) Sans-Serif (Tahoma for Headings) Uniform 1” Margins Flush left align (DO NOT JUSTIFY) Tab indent every new paragraph
General Format
Elements of the Paper
Most Common Elements
Title Page (First Page)
Abstract (New Page)
Text (New Page)
References (New Page)
Tables (New Page)
Figures (New Page)
Appendices (New Page)
Overview
Title Page Running Head: Running Head
Page Number
Title (12 pt, TNR, Centered)
Author (12 pt, TNR, Centered)
Institution (12 pt, TNR, Centered)
Author Note
Various Elements
Style Considerations
◦ Accurate
◦ Nonevaluative
◦ Coherent and readable
◦ Concise
Abstract
Mechanics◦ New Page◦ TNR 12 pt ◦ Running Head◦ Page #◦ Double Spaced◦ Do not indent paragraph◦ Single Paragraph◦ Word Limit
Abstract
Introduction◦ What is the problem?◦ Why is it important?◦ What is the hypothesis/thesis?
Body◦ What research/testing did you do?◦ Does your research prove/disprove your
thesis/hypothesis?◦ How does it prove/disprove?◦ What are the implications?
Conclusion◦ Tie it all together
Text
Mechanics◦ New Page◦ TNR 12 pt◦ Running Head◦ Page #◦ Tab indent new paragraphs◦ Double spaced◦ Other authors properly cited
Text
Acknowledge Resources cited in text
Provide an easy/accurate way to locate cited work
Alphabetize by last name/first name
References
Tables
Figures
Appendices
Other Elements
In-Text CitationsAvoiding Plagiarism
Claiming the words, ideas, or research of another person as your own.
Failing to cite the author when quoting Failing to cite the author when paraphrasing Theft of intellectual property
What Is Plagiarism?
In Text Citations◦ One sentence quotes◦ Block quotes◦ Paraphrasing◦ Graphs that are not your original work◦ Figures that are not your original work
How To Avoid Plagiarism
In-Text CitationsMechanics
One Author-Direct quote◦ Author not mentioned in Sentence:
“Deciding on a suitable subject and narrowing it down to manageable proportions are crucial steps toward the success of your research paper” (Rozakis, 1999, p.25).
◦ Author is mentioned in Sentence: Rozakis (1999) suggests that “Deciding on a suitable
subject and narrowing it down to manageable proportions are crucial steps toward the success of your research paper” (p.25).
Sample Citations-One Author
One Author-Paraphrase ◦ Author not named in Sentence:
Determining your subject and simplifying the main ideas are very important to the overall success of a research paper (Rozakis, 1999).
◦ Author named in sentence: Rozakis (1999) states that finding a sufficient subject
and simplifying the ideas are very important in the overall success of a research paper.
Sample Citations-One Author
One author-Multiple references in one paragraph◦ Note: As long as the author is mentioned in a
sentence at the beginning of the paragraph, the author’s name need not be mentioned in subsequent citations in the same paragraph, as long as no other resource is quoted in that paragraph (American Psychological Assocation, 2011).
Sample Citations-One Author
One Author-Multiple References in one Paragraph:◦ Rozakis (1999) shows the importance of
narrowing a subject to ease the process of research. She suggests that the first step is to find a very general subject that suits the limits of the assignment (1999). A student may have an awesome idea, but if it doesn’t meet the limits of the assignment, it will not be sufficient to earn a good grade. It is best if the subject chosen can be phrased as a question (1999).
Sample Citations-One Author
One Work-Two Authors-Direct Quote◦ “An informal outline can be as simple as listing
the major ideas in the order you plan to discuss them, or it may use the topic sentences from each planned paragraph as a blueprint from which to work”(Barnwell & Dees, 1995, p.87).
◦ Barnwell and Dees (1995) state, “An informal outline can be as simple as listing the major ideas in the order you plan to discuss them, or it may use the topic sentences from each planned paragraph as a blueprint from which to work” (p. 87).
Sample Citations-Two Authors
One Work-Two Authors-Paraphrase◦ Barnwell and Dees (1995) show that an informal
outline can have many forms, but that all forms will create a starting point from which to write.
◦ Informal outlines vary in complexity, but all outlines provide a starting point for a writer (Barnwell & Dees, 1995).
Sample Citations-Two Authors
One Work-Three to Five Authors-Direct Quote-First Appearance in Paper◦ Alexander, Decker-Lucke, Ernest, Kutsko, and
Peterson (2002) state, “Primary and ultimate responsibility for accuracy in fact-checking and verification of quotations (including Scripture references) must lie with the author” (p. 8)
◦ “Primary and ultimate responsibility for accuracy in fact-checking and verification of quotations (including Scripture references) must lie with the author” (Alexander, Decker-Lucke, Ernest, Kutsko, & Peterson, 2002, p. 8).
Sample Citations-3 to 5 Authors
One Work-Three to Five Authors-Paraphrase-First appearance in Text:◦ Alexander, Decker-Lucke, Ernest, Kutsko, and
Peterson (2002) show that the author of a work in Biblical studies holds the primary responsibility for ensuring the accuracy of quoted information in all written work.
◦ The author of a work in Biblical studies holds the primary responsibility for ensuring the accuracy of quoted information in all written work (Alexander, Decker-Lucker, Ernest, Kutsko, & Peterson, 2002).
Sample Citations-3 to 5 Authors
One Work-Three to Five Authors-Direct Quote-Subsequent Appearances in Text:◦ Alexander et al. (2002) state, “Primary and
ultimate responsibility for accuracy in fact-checking and verification of quotations (including Scripture references) must lie with the author” (p. 8)
◦ “Primary and ultimate responsibility for accuracy in fact-checking and verification of quotations (including Scripture references) must lie with the author” (Alexander et al., 2002, p. 8).
Sample Citations-3 to 5 Authors
One Work-6 or more Authors-Direct Quote:◦ Huggins et al. (2011) say, “The ability to write a
paper is a skill that students must have in order to successfully complete their college education” (p. 3).
◦ “The ability to write a paper is a skill that students must have in order to successfully complete their college education” (Huggins et al., 2011, p.3).
Sample Citations-6 or more
One Work-6 or more authors-Paraphrase:◦ Huggins et al. (2011) shows the necessity of prior
writing instruction for students who enter college.◦ Students need to know how to write a paper
before they enter college (Huggins et al., 2011).
Sample Citations-6 or more
ReferencesHelp readers find sources
Allows readers/professors to find and use the same data you have
Ensures that you have not violated any copyright limitations or laws
Protects you from charges of plagiarism
The Purpose of References
ReferencesMechanics
Book-Print-1 Author:◦ Lastname, Initial(s). Year of Publication or copyright.
Title of Book. Location: Publisher.◦ Example:
Rozakis, L. 1999. Writing Great Research Papers. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Book-Print-2 Authors:◦ Lastname, Initials of 2nd author,& Lastname, Initials
1st author. Year. Title of Book. Location: Publisher.◦ Example:
Dees, R. & Barnwell W. H. 1995. The Resourceful Writer: A Basic Writing Course. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Company.
Reference Components-Books
Book-Print-3 to 7 Authors:◦ Note: Same elements as 2, but must list all
authors. Start with 2nd author listed on book.◦ Example:
Kutsko, J.F., Alexander, P.H., Ernest, J.D., Decker-Lucke, S.A., & Peterson, D.L. 2002. The SBL Handbook of Style. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers.
Reference Components-Books
Book-Print-More than 7 authors:◦ Note: Same order of elements. The only thing
that changes is the way the authors are listed.◦ List the First 4 Authors using standard method,
add an ellipses, and then list the last author. Should be a total of 5 named authors.
Reference Components-Books
Additional elements for journals, referencing individual chapters only, and online resources.
Various types that can be valid resources include:◦ Periodicals◦ Books (Reference Books or Individual Chapters)◦ Technical and Research Reports◦ Meetings and Symposia◦ Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses◦ Reviews and Peer Commentary◦ Audiovisual Media◦ Dataset, Software, etc.◦ Archival Documents and Collections◦ Internet Message Boards, Mailing Lists, and Other Online
Communities◦ Author Variations, Title Variations, Publication Info Variations
Reference Components-Other
Additional ResourcesOnline and In-Person
Purdue Online Writing Lab◦ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01
/ Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association◦ Available for purchase on Amazon
http://www.amazon.com/Publication-Manual-American-Psychological-Association/dp/1433805618/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1321658616&sr=8-1
◦ Available for purchase from the APA website http://www.apastyle.org/manual/
Best Resources
American Psychological Association. 2010. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
6th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Dees, R. & Barnwell W. H. 1995. The Resourceful Writer: A
Basic Writing Course. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Kutsko, J.F., Alexander, P.H., Ernest, J.D., Decker-Lucke, S.A., & Peterson, D.L. 2002. The SBL Handbook of
Style. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. Rozakis, L. 1999. Writing Great Research Papers. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
References