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1

ÍNDICE

01. INTRODUÇÃO...........................................................................................................................................4

A. CONCEITO:..................................................................................................................................................4B. FONTES DE ESTUDO:...................................................................................................................................4

a. Fontes Gerais:.......................................................................................................................................4b. Fontes Especiais:...................................................................................................................................5

C. A IMPORTÂNCIA DO ESTUDO DA ARQUEOLOGIA PARA A BÍBLIA:..............................................................5

02. O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO ESTUDO DA ARQUEOLOGIA........................................... ......... .......5

A. FASE DAS PEREGRINAÇÕES:.......................................................................................................................5B. FASE DOS CAÇADORES DE TESOUROS (181018!0":..................................................................................#C. FASE DA ARQUEOLOGIA CIENTÍFICA:.........................................................................................................$

03. IDADES DO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA CULTURA.......................................................................... ..8

PROTO%IST&RIA:......................................................................................................................................8%IST&RIA:.....................................................................................................................................................8

04. DA CRIAÇÃO AO DILÚVIO................................................................................................................. ...9

1. DESCOBRIMENTO DE NÍNI'E.......................................................................................................................! A. Relação Nínive/Bíblia............................................................................................................. .......... ....9 B. Escavações....................................................................................................................................... .....9

. 'ERS)O MESOPOTÂMICA DA CRIAÇ)O....................................................................................................10 A. escoberta !o Relato !a "riação.......................................................................................................#$ B. % "onte&!o !a 'ersão !a "riação............................................................................................... ......#$

*. CRIAÇ)O DO %OMEM E DA MUL%ER ........................................................................................................1 A. "riação !o (o)e)..................................................................................................................... ........#*

B. A CRIAÇ)O DA MUL%ER ...........................................................................................................................1*

4. DIL+'IO.....................................................................................................................................................1*5. A TORRE DE BABEL E O !AI DE NAÇ"ES#.......................................................................... .......... .14

1. A TORRE DE BABEL...................................................................................................................................14. GEOGRAFIA DAS TERRAS BÍBLICAS..........................................................................................................15

a. A F+rtil "rescente............................................................................................................................... .#5b. ",lt,ras -esopot)icas.....................................................................................................................# c. 0íria: ",lt,ra 12arítica / 12arit 3Ras0a)ra6.................................................................................# !. 7alestina..............................................................................................................................................#

*. A CULTURA SUMERIANA...........................................................................................................................1$a. "aracterísticas.....................................................................................................................................#8 b. %s Reis Ante!il,vianos........................................................................................................................#

4. O PAI DE MUITAS NAÇÕES........................................................................................................................18

a. A "i!a!e !e Abraão 1r !os "al!e,s................................................................................................#9b. A 7ere2rinação !e Abraão..................................................................................................................#9

$. O !ERÍODO !ATRIARCAL...................................................................................................... .......... .....19

1. DOCUMENTOS R ELACIONADOS COM O PERÍODO PATRIARCAL.................................................................1!. O DESCOBRIMENTO DE MARI....................................................................................................................0*. COSTUMES PATRIARCAIS...........................................................................................................................0

a. % 7rincípio !a 7roprie!a!e................................................................................................................*$b. oc,)ento !e A!oção.........................................................................................................................*#c. A A!oção !a 0erva !a Esposa.............................................................................................................*#!. (erança !os era;ins...........................................................................................................................*#

%. ISRAEL NO EGITO E O &'ODO............................................................................................................22

1. A DOMINAÇ)O DOS %ICSOS....................................................................................................................... ISRAEL NO EGITO......................................................................................................................................



a. A prisão !e <os+...................................................................................................................................**b. A =nvesti!,ra !e <os+...........................................................................................................................*>c. A Fo)e no E2ito..................................................................................................................................*>

*. O ,-ODO...................................................................................................................................................*a. A ata !o ?@o!o..................................................................................................................................*>b. A # inastia......................................................................................................................................*4

4. A R OTA DO ,-ODO....................................................................................................................................58. ISRAEL EM CANAÃ..................................................................................................................................25

1. NAÇÕES QUE %ABITA'AM EM CANA).......................................................................................................5a. Filiste,s................................................................................................................................................*5b. "anane,s.............................................................................................................................................* c. Ara)e,s...............................................................................................................................................*

. DOCUMENTOS ARQUEOL&GICOS DA PRESENÇA ISRAELITA EM CANA)...................................................$a. "artas !o ell el A)arna.....................................................................................................................*8 b. 0tela !e -ernepta..............................................................................................................................*8

*. CIDADES CONQUISTADAS..........................................................................................................................$a. <eric...................................................................................................................................................*8 b. Ai..........................................................................................................................................................*

c. Bet 0an.............................................................................................................................................*!. (aCor...................................................................................................................................................*

9. REINO UNIDO E REINO DIVIDIDO......................................................................................................29

1. R EINO U NIDO............................................................................................................................................!a. 7erío!o !e 0a,l....................................................................................................................................*9b. 7erío!o !e avi...................................................................................................................................*9c. 7erío!o !e 0alo)ão.............................................................................................................................*9

. DOCUMENTOS ARQUEOL&GICOS DO PERÍODO DO R EINO DI'IDIDO.........................................................!a. A 7e!ra -oabita..................................................................................................................................*9b. %belisco !e 0al)anassar ===................................................................................................................>$



*

01. INTRODUÇÃO

A. C()*+,-(

ARC%AIOS (/" 2 ANTIGO

LOGOS (3" 2 ESTUDO

S/367 936;7 <= ><?3< 6;36< 3>393@6<. C;=7 ;

6<<67 6>36 = =/ <3;336.

D 6/ D+)),/ + A,*)//( II /*.67 = </>= = 93>/ 66

%3</36 R67 = H ;3 A7+((, + R(:.D6 <6 /67 T*,,+/ III /*.67 </>= 6 = 93>/ 66 %3</36 6

G/H36. N /97 9 36 = <=6 /6 /66 6 A7+((, G*,.

N I /*( < ;<=,( >(/+?@/ 6=/ 93>/ %3</36 I</697 =393@6 ; ?=9

/33;69 / ; A7+((, + I/+.

D 6/ 3<<7 63/6< = ARQUEOLOGIA O ESTUDO DE

VESTÍGIOS DE CIVILIAÇ"ES ANTIGAS E TAMBM DAS INTE!RETAÇ"ESDESSAS CIVILIAÇ"ES.

B. ;()-+/ + E/-(

a. Fontes Gerais:

J EK<6<: < ><?3< 6;3< </>6< </ 6 <=/?3 6 T//6.

EK<.: 9<7 @3=/6 (//<"7 3/3<7 ;=;<.

J P6/369; /<: <7 /3;369;7 /=?;6< 36<.

J T69; /<: < ><?3< <//6<. N< 6<7 < < 6;<

<//6;:

/< 936: (/3;369" />66 9 /6;</ 6/36 9 >;.

/= >=9;36.

;</= T99: = T99 H =6 ;6;6 6/333697 /<=96 6 ;</= =6

36 </ 6< /=?;6< =/6 36.



4

b. Fontes Especiais:

S ;< = 6/<;6 </36<. O< 63/< < 39<7 = 6=3;6< 6/3967

/63;<7 63/<7 6<.

E =3< 6<<7 6H 66/ 3;</3< 6/< ;=;<.%6>36 6H < OSTRACOM7 = /6 /6;< /367 /3;369;7

/6 ;6<7 =393@6< / <<6< /< 6/6 ;3;6/ 69=;< =;<.

O< =;< 63< 6;3< < < !A!IROS. E;/ <<<7 < 63< 6;3< = <

; 66 3100 .C. /6 </3< 9 ; ASSA.

O< !ERGAMINOS < 63< /;<7 <; =393@6< /33/6; 9<

!-((:+/ +: 250 .C. P/ </ =/7 /6 6/<7 =6; = =; ;

3;6 >69367 /6 /=393@67 666;< = 6>36 <3 </3 6;/3/;.

A<<37 = /63; 6<<6>6 6 < 66/ !ALIM!SESTO.

C. A I:?(-F)*, ( E/-( A7+((, ? BH,

6. A A/=936 =6 6< 3</36/69 6 /96 ?93.

. A A/=936 9;6 /96 3</3 6 B?936.

. O< =;< 6/=93< </3< 6< 3>393@6< 6<<66<7 </> 6/6

6=K3936/ 6 3;//6/ K ?93.

. O< /96< 6/=93<7 /6;</6 < /96< ?93<7 >;< 3;<

/H3.

02. O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO ESTUDO DA ARQUEOLOGIA

A. ;/+ / !++,)J+/

E/6 =6 6< = < </36 9=6/< 6/=93< = <6/6<7 6;6< 9

< >/7 ;/ 9=6/ (//3;6<".

E<6 6< = ;6 H6 I:?+( C()/-)-,)( = <3=96>6 6 >3<36

9=6/< <6/6<.

++) :K+ + C()/-)-,)( 3;33= =3< 9=6/< <6/6<7 < ;;=6

;3/6 < /=3< 6 H67 ;/ 9<7 C,,( + >+/: + E/H,( + C+/,

2$0340 .C.6.



5

E=<H3 C<6/H367 </>= =6 /6 666 ONOMASTICON7 ; 9

/963;= 1000 )(:+/ + +/ /(/ 696/<7 9<7 36<7 .7 < =63< 6

A/=936 /;6 ;3/= 63< 6 6.

D=/6; /? M(=,:+)-( M(:+-)( 6< //3;6< 33;=7 6<

6=;6 ; ?+(( / C/.

E 1404 36936; CIRÍACO DE !IICOLLI >36= 96 P69<3;67 @ =6

9 <3<36 < 6 6;336. P/ << 3;/<< 9 H ;3 / 69=;<

!, A7+((,.

E 1550 = /6;< 66 >EAN ;ABRI >36= P69<3;6 /6/= =

<= <9 /9> 69<3;7 3;36; >/3< 9=6/< <6/6<.

E 1$48 !IETRO DELLA VALLE = 36936;7 >36= 96 P69<3;6 =/6; 10

6;<7 6< <<6 >367 </>= = /96 < 9=6/< 6/=93< ;3=96:

VIAGGIO DE !IETRO DELLA VALLE IL !EREGRINO.

E 1800 INCELMAN /693@6 <6>6< ;6 P69<3;67 </> 69=;< 9=6/<

6/=93<7 E VERDADEIRAMENTE CONSIDERADO O !AI DA

ARQUEOLOGIA#.

B. ;/+ (/ C(+/ + T+/((/ 181018906

N<6 6<7 < </3;< 6/=93< /6 <3=96< =;36; 9 >69/ /369 < 66<.

E;/ < /33/< < ;;/6< 9>6< 6/6 E=/67 < 6 !EDRA

ROSETA7 ;;/66 ; E37 ;6 36 R<67 9 KH/3 N69. E<<6 /6

;3;6 * 3;</3<7 ;6< <=3;< 9?;=6<:

J %3/93

J D3

J G/L>66 F/6;67 3 <=66 / CAM!OLION ;RANÇOIS. E9 = ;36

/7 69= </ 3/= 3 ;= = 6< =6< ;<6;< /6

<96;<. N= 63;6 = ; REI !TOLOMEU ;//6>6 6< ;<6;< =

<6< /6 =3>69;<.

E;/ 1811 + 181%7 CLAUDIUS RIS ;;/= 6/6>H< <6>6< 6 ANTIGA

BABILPNIA. E</>= =6 /6 666 MEMRIAS SOBRE AS RUÍNAS DA

BABILPNIA.



#

E 1815 GEORGE GROTE;END ;<=3= /6=@3/ < CUNEI;ORMES DA

!RSIA.

E 1842 !AUL EMILE BOTTA </3= NÍNIVE. C ; ;<=36 </3/

63< ;66 ; <?3 6 A;36 N?;3>7 = 6 <6>6/ 63< 6 N/7 ;= 969 66

ORSADABE </3= !ALCIO DO REI SARGÃO II %30 .C.6.

E 1845 AUSTEN LAARD7 ;3;== 6 <6>6/ N?;3>7 ;;/= /6;

6< !ALCIO DE ASSURBANI!AL III. 18507 <= 6=K3936/ ORMU

RASAN7 ;;/= 66 = />9=3;= 6 A/=936:

A BIBLIOTECA DE ASSURBANI!AL III *(: *+* + 18 20 :, (*:+)-(/.

E 18%17 3 ;;/66 6 !EDRA MOABITA.

C. ;/+ A7+((, C,+)-,*

T69>@ ;6 6 ;LINDERS !ETRIE +: 1880 = ;;= =

:-(( + :+,K( / ?,F:,+/ + GI.

F@ 6H <6>6< ;6 P69<3;6 ; <=9 6 P69<3;6 SERABIT EL

ADEN7 ;;/= ><?3< H+-( ?,:,-,=( = //<; 6 *+* + 1800 .

C.7 //=6; 6 3H36 = 696 3 /36 9< ;?3< 3200 .C.7 96/6;

6/6 />6/ = M3<H< > ;3< 9;6< / </>/ <=< /<3>< 93>/< ?93<

*+* + 1400 .C.6. N E37 9 =;= 6 ESCOLA BRITNICA DE ARQUEOLOGIA.

D3< 6/=9< 3;9<< 6/36/6 :-(( + +/*=J+/ + +/--,,

=+-,* ;RAN BLISS E G. MAALISTER. E<69/6 6H = :-(( ?

-K( + *+F:,*/.

M63< 6/7 <=/ ILLIAM ;. ALBRIGT = H 3 :,( ,)-++*-( (

/*( ''. E9 /3;= 6 *()((, ( +/+)=(=,:+)-( / *+F:,*/.

CARLESCLERMONT GANNAU H 3;336 +/*(H,( !EDRA MOABITA.

C. GARSTANG @ = <= </ +/+)=(=,:+)-( / )/ /+:-,*/.

NELSON GLUE <;>9>= = H 6/6 3;336/ ?+((/ + (*?K(

( A)-,( !,:( O,+)-+.

ATLEEN ENON /3= = H +/--,, =+-,* +/*() 6/6

<6>6<.



$

03. IDADES DO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA CULTURA

!ROTOISTRIA

PERÍODOS DURAÇ)OP699?3 P/6 B/=6 M<9?3 P/6 C/66 4000V *100 6.C.

N9?3 P/6 L6>/66 C699?3 P/6 P936

Início da Civilização em 3100 a.C. com os Sm!rios" #esopot$mios" etc.

ISTRIA

PERÍODOS IDADE PALESTINA EGITO MESOPOTÂMIAB/;@

P/333>

*100000 C3>393@6

C6;6;36

IH/3 U;3:

T6< M;3<

C3>393@6

S=/36;6B/;@

MH3

0001550 C=9=/6

P6/36/69

IH/3 MH3:

I;>6< < %3<<

A;3 IH/3

B639W;3:

:H,B/;@

P</3/

1550100 C;=3<6 C6;6

9<

P>< M6/

IH/3

N>

IH/3

A<<?/3

F//

I

100!00 R3; U;3 I</69 +936< D3;6<36<

IH/3 N>

A=

IH/3

A<<?/3F//

II

!00#00 R3; D3>33

I</69

D?;3

S636

D6;36 IH/3

A<<?/3:

Q+ + N),=+F//

III

#00**0 D?;3

B639W;3 M

P/<6

D?;3 M:

C:H,/+/

N IH/3

B639W;3

Em %3& a.C." sr'e o domínio #edo()ersa.



8

N 6; 6 3;36 < /?<7 <:

X I+ /;93.

X C- <;>9>3; =9=/69 ( ASD H = >< =<6/. EK.: C=9=/6

F// III".

04. DA CRIAÇÃO AO DILÚVIO

1. D+/*(H,:+)-( + N),=+

*. +elação ,ínive-íblia

Gn. #$:## F=;66 / NINRODE7 <;; C NH. E96 /;=<

3/6; ; /? ?(+- >ONAS. T6H = 6 </ =6 6< 6363<

IM!RIO ASSÍRIO7 =/6; /? SARGÃO II %22%05 .C.6. E /;=< Y;36

6369 ; /? SENAQUERIBE %05$81 .C.6

C= 6 <9;/ ; /? TIGLAT!ILESER 3 9@66 ; /?

ASSURBANI!AL $$9$2$ .C.6.

D3< << /?7 <= 9?;3 3 /3. F3 </=?6 $12 .C. 9<KH/3< NABO!OLASSAR.

. Escavaç/es

E 1820 CLAUDIUS RIS7 @ = 66 6 /3 R,( T,+7 ; 9 <6=

=6< 93;6<:

J N3=;;=<

J Z=[=;3\3O< ;63>< 6 /3 /963;6 6 93;6 N3=;;=< ?(+- >ONAS.

E 18427 /6;< !AUL EMILLE BOTTA 3;336 <6>6< ;6 93;6

UUNDII7 </3; /=?;6< =6 36 ; 6< ;<3/= 3/6;<7

66;;= < /669<.

E 1845 AUSTERN LAARD7 = 3;9<7 ;3;=6 6< <6>6<7 ;;/6

!ALCIO DE ASSURBANI!AL.

E 1850 <= 6<<3<; ORMU RASAN7 ;;/= 6 BIBLIOTECA DE

ASSURBANI!AL *(: *+* + 20 :, (*:+)-(/ -H,)@/ + ,6.



10

J TIAMAT =<6 3;3;6 =6< <6966<

s dois 'eram diversos deses 4e casam mita desordem.

A<= /<9> / <<6 /6@ </=?9<. C;=7 = < =<< 66 EA

</ 96; 66 A<=.

T366 ;7 33 >3;6/ 6/37 /H < <@3;6. P6/6 3<<7 96 /36 =/<

=<<. E<<< =/< =<< < 93/6< / INGU.

EA / <=6 >@7 /36 M6/=\ 6/6 93/6/ < /9<.

A< 6696< 3;3363< < 6>/>3< 6 Z3;= 36; 3<<7 M6/=\ H ;6 R+, (/

+/+/. E R3 < =<<7 9 //6 6 Z3;=.

M6/=\ ; 6 6< <=3;< 63=<:

T366 H 3>336 =6< 6/<:

X P6/ S=/3/: M6/=\ /36 6< </96<7 S9 6 L=6.

X P6/ I;/3/: M6/=\ /36 =;.

Q=6; 6 Z3;=7 3 96. S= <6;= H 3<=/6 H( M6/=\ /36

OMEM.

A< / /36 7 R+?(/( D,=,)+7 6<<3 /3;6 R96.

O=/6 >/< << R96 H 666: ATARASIS.

N 3;69 <H=9 6<<67 <=/3/6 /?3< 6 B?936 = 3>=96/6

!ANBABILONISMO ;3;6; = 6 B?936 H <39<; 36 6< 3936<

639W;36<. C;=7 </> 6< 3/;6< ; =6/ 663K:

R+-( BH,Z),*( R+-( BH,*(1. P93?< K6/6 1. +;3 D=< M;?<. D=<< /63< . D=< E/; I/69

*. C/36 6 6/3/ 6H/36 /K3<; *. C/36 6 6/3/ NADA4. D=<< /< 9336< 4. D=< TP/<

E por 4e a semel5ança entre ambos6

D3< D39Y>37 R96 6 C/36 <6/36 3;6. A< 6 T// B697 /H7

6 <6/6 < /=< H;3<7 /96 3 666 6< ;>< 63;<7 69/6 ;6

<=6 <<;36.



11

3. C,K( ( (:+: + M@+

*. Criação do 7omem

N $\ -,[(( 6 C/36 ;;/6< R96 6 C/36 %.

N6 V+/K( ATARASIS7 < = /=;3=< = C()/+@( + D+/+/7 = /<9>=

/36/ 7 6/6/?<36< 3>3;6<. P6/6 3<<7 = =< H <6/336 INGU.

N< R96 66/ =6 /6< =3 3;/<<6;7 < 6 /963;6/< K

?93:

89e o pin'ar do se san'e nos prii4e...;

A =<6 NINTU 3<=/6 <6;= Z3;= 6//7 /6; .

EK3< =/ R96 6 C/36 7 66: MITO DE ADA!A.

E< R96 ;;/6< </3 4 -,[((/. N6 B3936 A<<=/6;369 /6

;;/6< * 39<. O 4\ -,[(( 3 ;;/6 ;6< R)/ ( !ALCIO DO ;ARA

AENATEN. A 6369 R3; << F6/6 /6 T+ + AMARNA.

O R96 3@ = ADA!A 3 /36 = <3=<7 /6;7 /69. A9H

</ = <3=<7 9 /6 S*+(-+ + !+/*(. U 36 >; = </6>6 >3/= 6

6/6 A66. E9 3= =/3< =/= 6< 6<6< >;.

S; 6<<37 >; ; 36 </6/ =/6; $ 36<. O =< ANU 66 A667 3<

; <= <=6 63=. A66 3;6 = ;<93/ //: =< EA. E< /3;=

6 ; / ; / ;66 = A;= 9 /<<. A66 397 /3= /3;

693;< 36< / 6/ A;=.

M6<7 = =/ =< 3<< 6 A66 = 9 6>36 <3 97 /= 6>36 /36 6

36 36 6 3/6936. S=6 >36 6<<= 6 </ </3; 6;Y<36.

B. A C,K( M@+

EK3< = 39 = 696 6 /6 6 =9/ /H7 < =3 6667

/3/6.

C;=7 ;6< = ; 6 =9/ H NINTI ] : *(/-+#.

E 19%5 ISSEMAN 63/= = << ; <3;336 : + 7+: ?(*++=,#.



1

O< 3< <3;336< /96 ; ?93 EVA7 = <3;336 7+ <

=,.#

4. D,W=,(

O R96 D39Y>3 ;;/6< 12 -,[((/7 6H 6 B3936 A<<=/6;369.

R ; : A E!O!IA DE GILGAMES.

N R96 G396<7 9 H ^* =< 1^* =6;. EK3< = =; 6;3

= 63/6 = = 69 G396< 3 R+, + U^ . P/H7 ; < <6 < H <

G396< /96 393.

O R96 393 3@ = / 69= 3> //= +/ ENIDO. P/ <<

3>7 G396< / </ =6 6/ =6;67 =/6 3>3;67 6;=<36< /;6;7

///.

G396< ; 6<<6 6 =<6/ 6 ;()-+ I:(-,+7 ;<<6 =<6 9 6/6><<6

M G)+ ( M M(-+7 6=K3936 / =6 =9/</; 666 SINDRA.

E; 9 < ;;/6 UTNA!IST N(6 < 9 ;6 < /;= 3/69:

U;63< H =;36 9< =<< 6 </=3 < < </< >3>>;<. O< =<<

3/6 6 U;63< 6/6 ;</=3/ =6 6/6 =393@6; 30 :, *+/-(/ + ?@. L

6< 9 ;/= ;6 6/67 = 6 >/. A =>6 3 /6; /7 = <=<< =3/6 6/6 H= ANU < /3<.

A =<6 ASATAR /3= 6; 6>/7 < /3< 6 / 6/. D3<

/3;66 6 =>67 U;63< 3= $ 36< ;/ 6 6/6. E;=6; <> 6937 <9= 1

67 1 6;/3;6 3;69; 1 />.

O /> ; >9= 63<. M63< 6/7 6 6/6 /6;= </ =6 ;6;6.

A< 69=;< 36<7 6< =6< 63K6/67 U;63< /= = <6/3?37 = < =<<

66//6 <6< 6/6 ;<=3/ <6/3?3. N<<6 </ +/ ENLIL 66/ 36 <6/66 9 6 U3;63< <6/

>3> 63;6. P/ 3<<7 /=;6:

P/ = U;63<3 < >3> < /;3 = < < </< >3>< << </=?<V

N<< 3;<6; <=/ +/ EA = <=/ 6 E;939 = 3/6936 6 U;63<.

E;939 63= 6 <=<.



1*

5. A TORRE DE BABEL E O !AI DE NAÇ"ES#

1. A T(+ + BH+E B639W;36 /693@6/6< <6>6< / ROBERT OLDEE ;/ 1900

1915. E;/ <=< 66<7 < =6 966/6 !0 . A= 6H =6< /6< 66

=6 ;; =6 3;</3:

J =6 N696<<6/ (#5 #05 6.C."

J =/6 N6=;</ (#05 5$ 6.C."

A 3;</3 N696<<6/ 3@36 <=3;: M6/=\ /;= = 6 T//

;/6=36 >/36 </ /;</=?67 3< 6;< K3<36 3 </=?6.A 3;</3 N6=;</ 3@36 <=3;: P6/6 = ETEMENANI (; 6

T//" <<6 <=3/ <636/ 6< ;=>;< < H=<7 =7 N6=;</7 9=3 6< 3;6<

<.

N 6; 458 .C.7 !, ,/-, ERDOTO7 >3<36 B639W;36 </ 6<

/=?;6< 6 T// E;6;\3 / 69=6 /6@7 9 63/6 = <6 T// <6>6 <6 /

8 ?,F:,+/ +/*()+/ 9 </> 6H 6 69=/6 6< 3/3<:

1_. **

_. 18

*_. $_. #

8_. 15 (T+:?( + M^6

%/ 63/6 = <6 T// 3 ;</=?6 ;6 R+,K( + S,)+. E 6/ 6

B?936:

G<n. 10:10 ( N3;/ =;= =6 36 ;6 96;?3 S3;6/

G<n. 11:= ( T// ;</=?6 ;6 96;?3 S3;6/

E>3;36< /3</6 = <<6 T// 3 </=?6 3>/<6< >@<7 = < /33/<

/3</< 3;36 = R+, TUULTI NINURTA 2100 .C.6 3 /33/ 6 </=?96.

F3 <=3 63;6 /:

S6/ II (000 6.C."

S;6=/3 ($05 6.C."

A<<=/6;369 (#!! 6.C."

N696<<6/ N6=;</ /;</=?/6;6.

C3/ /</>=



14

-/K< (480 6.C." </=3=

2. G+(, / T+/ BH,*/

a. * F!rtil Crescente

U6 /3 /36 /6 :+, 7 =6 K;< <= =/< ,(/

,:?(-)-+/:

T3/3< (96"

E=/6<

/ N39

` <6 /: M<367 S?/367 P69<3;6 E3.

b. Cltras #esopot$micas

D3>336 6:

NX S=/ (<=/36;<"C;/X A6 (6636;<"

SX S=/ (<=/36;<"

O3;X A=//= (<36<"

O/3;X E96 (9636<"

E<<6< =9=/6< <=<3<3/6 3100 2000 .C.7 <66//6 96;

<=/3; I:?,( A//,( 1800 $12 .C.6. O IH/3 A<<?/3 3 <=<3=? 9

I:?,( N+(BH,Z),*( $12 538 .C.6.

c. Síria: Cltra >'arítica - >'arit ?+as(S5amra@

C=9=/6 F;?36X T3/ S3

C=9=/6 S?/36X A/6 (N/"7 B39<



15

d. )alestina

G/636; H /66 / 4 +,J+/ N 6 S.

D (N"→ 40 \→ B/<6 (S"

M3//; (L"→ 110 \→ / (O"

J P96;?3 M6/?36:

A/

S6/;

S96 (R3 < 393<=<"

J M;6;6<: G6939H36

S66/36

/=<69H

J '69 /:

R3 %=9

M6/ 6 G6939H36 R3 /

M6/ M/ (400 663K ;?>9 6/"

J P96;?3 M;6;<6:

B6<

G396

A;

M6

3. A C- S:+,)



1#

a. Características

U6 6< /33/6< =9=/6< 6 %3</36 6 C3>393@6 H 6 C=9=/6 S=/36;6. E96

=6>6 S M+/(?(-F:,. E9< 66>6 <= //3/3 +),7 ;3;6>6

6 9?;=6 E:+,. E 6 <3 //3< ;3;6>6< SG, 2 C66 P/67 96693/6 6/6 /6< 6=;6;<.

A A/=936 </3= ;6=96 /3 =6 666 = 6/<;6 693/< >/36<

36< <=/36;6<. E<<6 666 H 666 >+:+- N/.

P/ = 9< =;6/6 6;6< 36<V

1. A=; 6 =96

. O 6Y=9 /3=@6<

*. A 3;>; 6 </36 ?a 7istAria sA começa 4ando o 5omem começa a escrever@.

E</36 < <=/36;<: CUNEI;ORME E</3< /6 =;6. E<<6 </36

:

/6 3/36: N 6/ 9/6<7 6< <37 <;< (; 96/<".

6/6/< 9/3<: ; /; 6 = 696. U <; = =6 ;<6.

b. s +eis *ntedilvianos

E;;/=< =6 /6 /6 /3<67 ;6 36 N,?? << /3<6

;H =6 93<6 /3< <=/36;<7 3>33< /=<: +,/ )-+,=,)(/ + ?/

,=,)(/.

O=/6 /96 6 ;6//63>6 ?9367 H 6 <=3;: C36< >/;66< / /3<

<=/36;<:

S=/=6\

N3=/

U/=\

L66/\

O< /3< 6;39=>36;< 3;6 <= /? >/; =/6; 396/< 6;<. O /3

= >/;= ;< 7 @ =/6; 1 39 6;<7 ;=6; = = 63< >/;=

@ =/6; 50 39 6;<. P/H7 ;<< 6<7 6 696>/6 )( ; ;3 6=69 </36

=6;6; 3<<?>9.

O /33/ /3 <6 93<6 66< ALILU Y93 UBARTUTTU. E<

Y93 / <3 U3;63<3 (NH" 6 3</36 D39Y>3. E<<< >/;6< >/;6>6



1$

6=K?93 </< /+:,,=,)(/ ;3< : A!ALLU. O /33/ A\699=7

66>6< UANNAADA!!A7 = ;36; = >/ A ?93.

4. O !, + M,-/ NJ+/

a. * Cidade de *braão ( 1r !os "al!e,s

U/7 <=; 6 %3</367 ; =6 K3<;36 /963;66 /? 6/36/69.

E 18507 . . LO;TUS7 >3<3= ; S=9 6 M<367 =6 93;6 666 T+ +

M7XX. A93 ;;/= 6< /=?;6< =6 // 3366 39<. E<<6 // /6 =

,-+.E 185$7 RALINSON7 ;=6 6< <=3;6< < a3=/67 ;;/= =6

3;</3 NH(),( 55$538 .C.6. E<<6 3;</3 3@36:

bE<6 T// /; 6 UR NAMUc

E 19187 . OOLE /693@6 <6>6< ; T999 9 M=6[[6/ = = 63<

3<6; UH,. E U63 9 ;;/6 //;36< 6 36 U/7 6H 6 3;36

6 !,:+, D,)/-, + U = 66 3000 .C. A *_ D3;6<36 H =<6; 6 U/ N6=

(00 6.C.".

b. * )ere'rinação de *braão

F3 ;;/66 =6 3;=/6 B+),/)7 = 36 6/ R,( N,( 6 400 \

6 <=9 6 36 C,(. N<< <; < ;;/6 6 3=/6 = /= <36<

>3<36; E37 = < 93/6< / = 66 ABSA 2 =3>69; 6

A/6 ?93 2 1800 .C.7 = =<6; //<; 6 /? A/6.

$. O !ERÍODO !ATRIARCAL

1. D(*:+)-(/ R+*,()(/ C(: ( !+(( !-,*

U < 63< 3/6;< =;< << P/? H CAdi'o do +ei 7ammrabi"

de 1&%0 a.C.

A;< 6 L3 %6=/637 K3<:



18

J L3< 6 C36 S;=;;6

J L3< L33 I<6/

J L3< 6 C36 N=@@3 (/6 18 39 =;<"

J L3< 6 C36 M6/3 (/6 5 39 =;<"

2. O D+/*(H,:+)-( + M,

E 19337 = /6 =?; ;;/= =6 <=6 < 66 ;=6 /3 666

T+ ,,7 6 N/ E=/6<.

U 6/=9 /6;<7 A) !(-7 / 6=<6 <6 <=67 3;336 <6>6< ;

T9 %6/3/3 ;;/6; 3< T9<:

J U 36 6 =< D6;: ;9 6>36 =6 93<6 < =<< 6=9 9=6/.

J O=/ 36 =<6 I<6/: ;9 6>36 =6 93<6 < /3< 6=9 9=6/. E/6 ;<

<36<.

E 19347 ;6 ;3;=36 6< <6>6< ; T9 I<6/7 ;;/=< =6

3;</37 ;96 ; 6 36: M,.

O=/< </3;<:

J T9 N3;;3a6@6: ;;/=< 9=;6< /67 696/< = 9/6>6 =6

3>3;6: M//+H@ (3;9=;36 3</6936 /? 6<6<36".J T9 D6;: ;;/=< 9=;6< 63/67 <?9< 6/6 6/67

666< A/@+,: (3;9=;36 3</6936 /? 6<6<36".

J P693 a3;R3I9=: 3 ;;/6 = 6/=3> /6 5 39 =;<7

/3</< 6 /6 6/36/69.

O< 6/=9< <66 =6 K/<< 96 =69 6/36 = > M6/3 <3;336>6 < 3</6936<:

ene Bamini 2 B;63 bF39 S=9c

3. C(/-:+/ !-,*,/

a. )rincípio da )ropriedade

J P//36: /6 3;693;>9 69 63/ 3/;36.



1!

J S3<6 A: O //3/3 =36< //6<7 < 39<7 /36 66/ = /3/.

E<< /3/ /36 </:

X L3>/

X E</6>

X P6/;

O 66 >/36 </>3/ 6 ; ;/9 = <=96; 3;. A

//36 /6 6/66 / terains: 8deses da propriedade; .

A 6 /6 </36 ;= 397 < /6 96 ;6 ;/66 6 36.

b. ocmento de *doção

E< =; 3 ;;/6 ;6< /=?;6< N, / >96 1935. D</3

=;:

S@,@I7 66 = > 66 S@+),)). E97 >367 / =6 / 6

/6;6. C;=7 < S=/36I9= 3>/ = 39 //37 < 39 / =6 /

=9366 S;3;;6 36 ] 9=6/.

S;3;;6 / <<6 =6 > 666 +,:N,).

S Z93N3;= ; 3><< 39<7 96 < >/36 /=/6/ =/6 =9/ 6/6 /

39< S;3;;6 <<6 =9/ >/36 </ 6 T+ + L, K/<< = <3;336b6< </>6<c.

P/ =/ 967 6 L+, )\ 1$3 + ::H, 63/6>6 = <<6 6 ; /3<6>6

</ ;<<6/36; =6 b</>6c /36 </ 6?9367 = =/6 =69=/ ;3.

c. * *doção da Serva da Esposa

A ;3;=36 D=; A 3@:P/ 6<3 6<6; Z93N3;=7 96 / </>67 6 > :?.

S Z93N3;= ; 3>/ 39<7 S;3;;6 / 39< d6966.



0

d. 7erança dos erains

% = =; = /66 6 6 . N< =; < <3=96 =

e=99= H /3/7 69 9 > 693;6/ ><3/ 6 <= <;/ 6H 6 <=6 /. A< 6

/7 e=99= / 6 //6 < ?9< = //<;6>6 6 /6;6. e=99= 6>36 <366 / N/@_,.

EK3< ! =/< 39< ; < /963;6 6 //36 < ?9< (/63;<".

%. ISRAEL NO EGITO E O &'ODO

1. A D(:,)K( (/ ,*/(/

M)+-@(7 <6/ S+H),-(/7 = >3>= 6/K366; 40 6.C.7 @ =6

/96 6 %3</36 E37 3>33;6 96< D3;6<36< < >/;6;<7 693@6; 30

D,)/-,/ 6 .

A 1_ D3;6<36 = 6/6 M+)+/7 //<; 6 3100 .C. F3 /33/

6/6 ?3 6 =;3/ A-( + ( B,( E,-(. S=; M6;7 6 %3</36 6 ;<

/?. S=; 6 %3</367 < >/;6;< 6 1_ 1_ D3;6<36<7 /6 ?3<.

N6 1*_ D3;6<36 //= 6 3;>6< < S+:,-/7 = /6 66< ,^_

(/_+ >/;6;< //6< </6;3/6<.

M63< 6/7 < /< 66/6 < 3;>6</< ,*/(/.

O< 3<<7 /33/6;7 < 6/6/6 A9 E3 (6/K366; 1$58 6.C.".

A 14_ D3;6<36 ; 3 ?3<7 6< 3<<. D=/6; <6 D3;6<367 9< <

6/6/6 M+)?@,/7 ; B63K E3. E9< =;6/6 6 6369 A=,/. N<6 6369

<69/6 //3/3 G<;7 = H ;3 6=69; , T:,-.

J A/ C=9=/69:

O< 3<< 9>6/6 6/6 E3 6>697 3< 66<7 <667 6//< =//67

;</= /336<7 96< ;6< 936<.



1

2. I/+ )( E,-(

a. * prisão de Dos!

A A/=936 </3= = P63/ ;6< /=?;6< E+)-,)7 = < ;;/6 ;M/+ ( B((^,). N< 63/ =6 93<6 /3<3;3/< ; < <3;6< <K7

6 367 6 /33;6936 6 <;;6 66 =.

N >/< < =;7 ;;/6< $! ;< /3<3;3/<7 3@; = <

<< < </>< = /6; <;/ E3. 40 ;< 66/ =;6; <=6<

=;<. % K9< /3<<< : / 6 6<67 < 63/<7 <

3/<.

b. * Investidra de Dos!

F3 ;;/66 =6 3;=/6 =6 6< 6/< 693 6/6 S+-, I 1308

1290 .C.6. N<6 3;=/67 6/6 66/ 96; =6 //; =/ = </63/7

9; V,,.

c. * Fome no E'ito

O <; 6/6 < ?3< /6 =6 ;<6 3>3;6. P<<3>9;7 3 / <6 /6@= D=< = = <; 6 6/6.

A >66 /6 //<;6 3>3;6 =< (/ 3;6 66 >66. O /3 N39

/6 //<;6 9 3 = <3;336>6 =< 6 /3936. O =< O/,,/ 3;6 66

3. EK3< = =; </3 9 6/6 D[(/+ 2%00 .C.67 ; =69 9 3@:

bM= /6 < /3<... <<6<... /3 N39 < 33;7 < /=< < =< <

/63< < <6<<<.c

O 6/6 S+-, II 1210 1195 .C.6 3K= = =; = 6=/3@6 <;/ B+W (= <<3>9; /6 M6"7 6 ;/6/ ; E3 6/6 /6/ /63<.

3. O &((

a. * ata do odo

R=/< ?93: 1 R+,/ $1 2 C;</= T9 S69. I;33= ; 4] 6;

/3;6 S69 ` 9%0 .C. 480 ] 1%0 a.C.



F9>3 <=< ;3;6 </ 6 H6 6/6 R:// +: 1200 .C. C;= 6 1_

66 H 63< <;<66.

F3 </ = 63/ ?3 66 A)/-/,7 = <=; < 6/=9<

//<; 6 <H=9 -III 6 -I' 6.C. N9 =6 / 6/6 6/36/ 39< = 63<

6/ = 6<37 3;36;:

bP/=@6 < ;Y/ 39<...c

P9 = < </>67 < 63/ ; //<; 6 /? ,K7 3< 66 100

6;< 63< 6/. S/36 =/< </6><.

b. * 1&H inastia

:(/+ 3;33= 6 K=9< < 3<< ;6 1$_ D3;6<36. D3< Z6< 66/

A:(/+7 = <<3>9; << <= 39. A< 3 6 18_ D3;6<36 3 = /3;= 6

K=9< < 3<<. R3;= 15$5 154$ .C.

F3 <=3 / A:+)@(-+?7 39 A<7 = /3;= 1553 1532. A<

6H > =6 396 666 A:(/+.

Scessão )atrilinear : H 6 <=<< 6/6>H< 39.

Scessão #atrilinear : H 6 <=<< 6/6>H< 6 3967 6< = >/;6 H <<.

T-:/ I7 << A<7 3 6/6 1532 150$ .C. T=H< > =6 ;=3;6666 M-)(+-+.

D T=H< I A< ;6<= -/@+?/@-. %6<<= 6<=< T-:/ II

39 T=H< I M=;/. T=H< II /3;= 1508 1504 .C.

%6<<= 6<<=3= 9=6/ <<7 / < </ 3;39 6/6 >/;6/7 /3;=

1504 1482 .C.

N+++7 396 T=H< II %6<<=7 6<=< T-:/ III7 = /6 39

T=H< II =6 ;=3;6. T=H< III /3;= 1482 1450 .C.A:+)@(-+? II7 39 N/=/ T=H< III7 /3;= 1450 1425 .C.7 <= 397

T-:/ IV /3;= 1425 1412 .C.

X &(. 18→ A< < ;< K 2 bO 6/6 = ; ;36 <Hc.

X &(. 111→ E< 6/6 </36 A; I 2 bO 6/6 6 693c.

T-:/ I→ 6/6 / /. &(. 122 X N6<3; M3<H<.

-/@+?/@-→ 3/6 M3<H< N39. &(. 25 X P/3;<6.



*

→ M// <= 637 T=H< I7 96 33;=3 6 6/6 /669.

&(. 225

&(. 223 X O 6/6 //.P/>6>9; < 6/6 ;6 <3 %6<<=. A A/=936 </3= P693

%6<<= ;6 36 D+, + B@,7 / 6 36 L( )-, T@+H/6. N6<

9=;6< < 6937 </6< = %6<<= 3 6/6. A< 3;</3< 6H 3;36

= 96 >/;6>6 < 6 /3;6 = <3 66 S+)M-. E9 /6

;/ 6 6367 3;/6936 (K9/6 3;6<".

E A-(/ %227 6 B?936 ;3;6 = M(,// 3 ;/ 6 3;36 E3.

S; 6<<37 />6>9; %6<<= 3/= M3<H< 6< =6<7 <<3>9; S;

M= 3 /6; 3;</=/ M3<H<.

&(. 1428 X O 6/6 <=96 ;6< =6< M6/ '/9.

P/>6>9; ;6 <3 T=H< III7 6/6 /? 6< /66<.

P96 A/=9367 <6< = T=H< III7 /6 = /6; ;</=/. A9H 3<<7

93/= 1# 66;6< 6/6 ;=3<6 //3/3<.

4. A R(- ( &((

A B?936 63/6 = ,K 6/3= = 9=6/ 66 R:+/+/. &(. 123%6. A

A/=936 ;;/= = 969 66 !R:+/+/ ) *(,) + Q)-,. I;33=<

= 9=6/ 66 S*(-+ = < ;;/6 ; +-+:( + , T:,-. E<<6 /3 <

</ =6 93;6 666 T+ + M/77-.

&(. 142 X A6/ ; !,(-+D</3=< = 6;69 6 <=3; 3;</3: RT. C ; /63 /6 ;

K3< >63<7 69>@ <6 9693@6 969 3;36 ;6 B?936. N<<6 /3 K3< =6

// = H 3;3366 ;: MGTL. E< //<; 6 M,-(7 36 ;6 B?936.



4

8. ISRAEL EM CANAÃ

1. NJ+/ 7+ H,-=: +: C)K

a. Filistes

%3</36;7 < >< = //6 M6/ E=. S 6/36 = 6/336/6

6 G+ + T,7 6< 3<<7 6/6><<6/6 M3//; 6/6 6 C6;67

<=36 3;>63/6 E,-( /*/. 'IV 'II .C.6.

E9< /6 66< 9< ?3< !++/@+- ?(=(/ ( :. P/ <<6 H67 <

?3< K=9<6/6 < 393<=< << 6<<6/6 6 =6/ / + C)K7 /3 ;36

S@+?@+@. N<6 /37 9< =;6/6 6< 36< G A/@7+() E^() A/(+ + G+.

N6=96 H67 9< <69/6 =6 3/6; ;/3=3 =9=/69: A

:+-,.

R+,,K( =< /3;369 /6 B. O=/ =< /3;369 /6 D() ] +/ *@=.

%6>36 6H 6 =<6 A/@+ ] +/ +-,,+.

O ; !+/-,)7 <33;336: T+ (/ !++/@+- ( (/ ,,/-+/.

b. Cananes

F/6 >< = <<3>9; < /33;6/6 ; )(-+ M+/(?(-F:, <

/3 /+:,-. C6/6 C6;6 ;6< 6<6< :,J+/ :(,-/.

O< 6;6;=< 3>/6 /6; 6/ =9=/69: /6;< 36<7 </66<7 ,)=+)K( (

H+-( :,( *()-,H,K( *-6.

D< 6967 3 </ / ;,)+/ !+-,+ +: 1905 ><?3<7 ;= 969

66 S+H,-@ + +)7 66 1800 .C.

O=/ =; = ;</6 = < 6;6;=< 3;>;6/6 6967 3

;;/6 ;6 +,K( + G++7 /66>6< = *+)<,(.

O< 6;6;=< =;6/6 6 C- U-,* U,-67 =6 6369 H R/ S@:. A<

/=?;6< < 969 /6 </6< / C+ S@++ ;<<6< /=?;6< </3/6<

396/< 39< ) /+:-,*.

R+,,K( =< /3;369 /6 B ] +/ +-,,+. O /6; /96 /6 6<<6< /933<6<7 / < /66/ >/63/6< /36<.



5

c. *rames

P>< = < /33;6/6 ; / M+/(?(-F:,. S <69/6 ; N(-+ +

C)K7 6 6=69 S,. A93 =;6/6 69=6< 36<: B+-@ R+@(= T(H D:/*( a

,:?(-)-+6 + :-@.

A ;/3=3 =9=/69 < 6/6=< 3 6 9?;=6: ( :,*(. O 6/663 /6

b3;9<c < <H=9< - 6 I' 6.C. E;/ < =;< ;;/6<7 ;6/6< < ;<

/3< = 6;6< 6 B?936 ;3;6>6 6H ;: + R+,).

2. D(*:+)-(/ A7+(,*(/ !+/+) I/+,- +: C)K

a. Cartas do ell el *marna

E 188%7 ;6 /3 A:)7 = 36 ; E,-(7 =6 =9/ =?;6 ;;/=

39< = 3< /6 /963;6< *-/ +*+H,/ ?+( A:+)@(-+? IV /*.

'II .C.6. E<<6< 6/6< /6 3936< ;/ < >< C)K + M+/(?(-F:,

E37 </36< *)+,(:+/7 36 6=6 6 6/6 6/6 ;/ 6 ,)=/K( (/ @H,W.

O=/6< 6/6< 6/<;6 ; @?,W. E 6< < 6<<7 /66< < @+H+/.E<< 6/6 6H H ;3 ( +-,*(7 / / /3;6 6 /933

93?<6 E37 3;<3=3; =6 /933 ;?<67 3< ,K I</69. D3<

3<<7 =;= 6 6369 <= /3; A6/;6. T6H == <= ; 6/6

A^+)-@+:. A-@+: /6 ; =< = 9 <9=.

b. Stela de #ernepta5

M+)+?-@ 3 = 6/6 = >/;= ;/ 1230121$ .C. N 5] 6; >/;

6>36 ;=3<6 >/36< ;6<. P6/6 /6/ <6< ;=3<6<7 6;= ;</=3/ =

S-+. N96 9 </>= =6 /96 6< ;6< ;=3<66<. E ;<6 93<67 ?+*+ ?+ 1b

=+ ): (*:+)-( 7+(,*( ; I/+ ;6 /6;3@66. ma

conirmação direta do relato bíblico.



#

3. C,+/ C()7,/-/

a. DericA

A< /=?;6< /3 < ;;/66< ; T+ + S-). E/6 ;36 C,+ /!:+,/.

/3 /3>6 6 696>/6 >+,@ = <3;336 L.

E 19207 G/-)7 ;;/= =6 666 3;@6< = 9 3;33= <;

/? <=H. E9 < ;6;=.

E 1950 -++) +)X() 6;693<= <<6 666 3;@6< /3;= = 96

/;36 H6 B()+ I. E96 @ =6 /96 < /?< =6 T99 9

S=96;:

J 6H 1500 6.C.: /3 <6>6 6366.

J 1500 6 1400 6.C.: D<6366

J 1400 6 1*00 6.C.: O=66

J 1*00 6 100 6.C.: en,!ação. Não D se2,n!o ela nen,) vestí2io !esse perío!o. <eric

;oi co)pleta)ente !evasta!a. Esse perío!o correspon!e ao perío!o !a "on,ista !e <eric.

e,s !estr,i, t,!o a ponto !e não aver nen,) vestí2io.

J 100 6 1100 6.C.: 6366

b. *i

C;36 E- T+. N96 ;;/6< ><?3< </=3 <H=9 'III

.C.

c. et5 S5an

A3;6 << ;7 <= ; <3;336 C/ ( +/ S@). L693@6< 6

S G,,7 < 6/;< >(K(.

% = =; = 6/67 S@+-(/ I /*. 'III = 3;>63= B S6;

<69= < @?,W ,/+,-/6.



$

d. 7azor

E;;/6< ;=6 ;6;6 666 T+ + Q+@7 <3=66 6 N/.

9. REINO UNIDO E REINO DIVIDIDO

1. R+,)( U),(

a. )eríodo de Sal

F/6 36< <6>6< G,H+K7 ;= 969 66 T+ + ;7 / . ;.

AH,@-. N< 969 ;;/=< P693 S6=9. E< 693 6 </==/6 =6

6<6 =.

O< =/< < 693 /6 ;</=?< ; <3<6 C/:- 2 =/< ;</=?<

6/6996;7 <; = <6 ;/ 6< /6 =<6 6/6 6/6@;6/ /63<7 =

963< </6H3< /6 /;3 ;=9.

b. )eríodo de avi

A A/=936 </3= 6 C,+ + D=, ;36 C,-+7 9693@66 ;6

C(,) + O+. T6H 3 </ C) + G,@()7 / ; D6>3 ;/=

/=<69H 3;= < [+H/,-/.

c. )eríodo de Salomão

N=6 93;6 666 T+ + Q/,+@7 3 ;;/66 =6 (/-*()7 = /6@36 /96 6 =6;36 (( + O,. E<< =/ 3 =<6 6/6 /><3/ T9. F3 =

/3;6 K/6; /3.



8

2. D(*:+)-(/ A7+(,*(/ ( !+(( ( R+,)( D,=,,(

a. * )edra #oabita

E 19$87 3 ;;/66 / = ?+ )*,/*)(7 =6 /6 1750 69=/6.D3<7 ;6< < = /= /6<7 96 3 3>336 3;;< /363<. M63<

6/7 96 3 /;</=?6 ; ;=< 6 /<;6 3;</3< +/*,- +)*,.

N<6< 3;</3< R+, M+/@ 6/636 6 =< Q+:(/@ 6< >3/36< ;/6 6<

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