F. Prandi, R. de Amicis, P. Parslow, M. Ford, E. D’Hondt
Application Domain Extensions definition for crowd source and Volunteer Geographic
Information for smart-cities services deployment.
Outlook
Introduction to i-SCOPE project;
Motivations;
The crowd source approach;
Noise measurement modelling;
Disabled routing data modelling;
Conclusion.
i-SCOPE project
The latest generation of 3D Urban Information Models (UIM), created from accurate urban-scale geospatial information, can be used to deploy smart web services based on geometric, semantic, morphological and structural information at urban scale level.
Context
i-SCOPE project: Goal “i-SCOPE aim to deliver an open source toolkit for 3D smart city
services based on 3D Urban Information Models (UIM), created from accurate urban-scale geospatial information.”
i-SCOPE project: The adressed scenario
1) Improved inclusion and personal mobility of aging people and diversely able citizens;
2) Energy dispersion & solar energy potential assessment;
3) Noise mapping & simulation.
Motivation: standard approach to city models
CityGML as a standard
•CityGML is designed as an open data model and XML-based format for the storage and exchange of virtual 3D city models.
•CityGML is an application schema of the Geography Markup Language 3 (GML3)
•CityGML is based on a number of standards from the ISO 191xx family, the Open Geospatial Consortium, the W3C Consortium, the Web 3D Consortium, and the Organisation for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS)
•14th of March 2012: the members of the OGC have adopted version 2.0.0 of CityGML as an official OGC Standard.
Motivation: Use of ADEs to model the services
Extensions to the CityGML data model applying to specific application fields can be implemented using the Application Domain Extensions (ADE).
The crowd source approach
Noise mapping and simulation. To do so i-SCOPE delivers smart services that: – Calculate, in an interoperable manner, noise
levels both through simulation and through mapping based on accurate UIMs.
– Create real-time and accumulated noise maps through data collected by citizens, who are involved as prosumers (producers and consumers) of environmental data, through the use of their mobile phones as “noise” sensors, measuring city-wide noise levels
Issues
How to ensure the significance of the measurements?
How to verify the accuracy?
How to relate the noise to the city features?
The crowd source approach
GOAL: Collect initial set of Noise data by pilot partners. • Campaigns using NoiseTube.
• Coordinated grassroot/istitutional
campaign. • Avoid unstructured individual campaign. • Better using know and calibrated devices.
Single user Unstructured data
Multiple user Unstructured data
Multiple user Averaged data
Crowd source noise Data collection:
The crowd source approach
Zagreb
Baia Mare
Crowd source noise Data collection i-CSCOPE pilot examples:
The crowd source approach
Profiling ISO19156 Observations and Measurements ISO 19156 ‘Observations and measurements’ provides a generic framework for
describing both the observing event and the results of the observation. It is applicable to a wide range of scientific and technical domains.
The generic nature of this standard means that it requires further specialisation to constrain aspects of the model …
INSPIRE Specialised Observations
Profiling ISO19156 Observations and Measurements
Defines 3 types of Specialised Observation based on the Result Type. These extend the example ISO 19156 specialised observations:
• Gridded Observation
• Trajectory or Profile Observations
• Point Observations
INSPIRE Specialised Observations constrain
the result, featureOfInterest and
phenomenonTime
Proposed Noise Measurements Model
• Two data exchange requirements: – Source noise exposure measurements – Aggregated/modelled noise exposure measurements
1. Source noise exposure measurements: – Time series collected at mobile locations (NoiseTube)
– Need to extend to include summary statistics
Recommendation 1 – Use INSPIRE Specialised Observation –
Trajectory Observation
TimeSeries Result for TrajectoryObservation
TimeSeries Result for TrajectoryObservation
SamplingCoverageObservation
«featureType»Trajectory and Profile Observ ations::
TrajectoryObserv ation
«featureType»NoiseTrajectoryObserv ation
«DataType»NoiseTubeStatistics
+ count :Integer+ lengthOfTrack :Length+ maxLAeq :Measure+ meanLAeq :Measure+ minLAeq :Measure
constraints{UoM of maxLAeq shall be given in dBA}{UoM of minLAeq shall be given in dBA}{UoM of meanLAeq shall be given in dBA}
«dataType»Trajectory and Profile
Observ ations::TimeLocationValueTriple
+ location :GM_Position
«DataType»SummaryStatistics
CVT_TimeInstantValuePair
«DataType»Timeseries::
AnnotatedTimeValuePair
+ geometry :TM_Position+ value :Record
CVT_DiscreteTimeInstantCoverage
«Type»Timeseries::Timeseries
+ temporalExtent :TM_Period
Constraints for INSPIRE Specialised Observ ation - Trajectory Observ ation
1. result must be a TimeSeries2. each point in the result must be a
TimeLocationValueTriple3. phenomenonTime must be a TM_Period4. featureOfInterest must be a
SF_SamplingCurve
+summaryStatistics 0..1
+collection 0..*
+point 0..*
For an aggregated/modelled trajectory observation the INSPIRE TrajectoryObservation should be
used
Proposed Noise Measurements Model
2. Aggregated/modelled noise exposure measurements • Post-processing modelling may generate generalised noise exposure
measurements for an area of interest: – Regular gridded data – overlay over terrain model or city model
– Around Road, Rail, Airport, Industry (see Noise Mapping Model)
Recommendation 1 – Use INSPIRE Specialised Observation –
Grid Observation
Proposed Noise Measurements Model
Grid Observation Result - INSPIRE RectifiedGridCoverage
«featureType»Gridded Observ ations::
GridObserv ation
«FeatureType»Sampling Cov erage Observ ation::
SamplingCov erageObserv ation
«FeatureType»cov erageObserv ation::
OM_DiscreteCov erageObserv ation
«FeatureType»observ ation::OM_Observ ation
Constraints for INSPIRE Grid Observation:
1. The Result shall be a RectifiedGridCoverage2. phenomenonTime must be a TM_Instant3. featureOfInterest must be a SF_SamplingSolid or
SF_SamplingSurface
«featureType»Cov erages (Domain and Range)::
RectifiedGridCov erage
constraints{domainIsRectifiedGrid}{grid points shall coincide with grid cell centres}
«featureType»Coverages (Domain and Range)::
CoverageByDomainAndRange
+ coverageFunction :CoverageFunction [0..1]+ domainSet :Any+ rangeSet :Any [0..*] {ordered}
«union»Cov erages (Domain and Range)::
Cov erageFunction
+ ruleDefinition :CharacterString+ ruleReference :URI+ gridFunction :GridFunction
«featureType»Coverages (Base)::Coverage
+ metadata :Any [0..*]+ rangeType :RecordType
«dataType»Cov erages (Domain and Range)::GridFunction
+ sequenceRule :CV_SequenceRule [0..1]+ startPoint :Integer [0..*] {ordered}
NOTE: The GridObservation shall be directly imported from the INSPIRE Coverage Model without any addition extensions for Noise.
GridObservation
Routing services
Pilots have very few data of their own available for the task of Inclusive Routing… Solution: • Leverage on OpenStreetMap data. • Survey missing elements on a pilot
area: – Optional elements – Mandatory elements
Pg routing
OSM data
Other Graph
Data preparation
Manual (JOSM)
Survey
OpenLS Interface
Routing services
Mobile application for barriers Data collection:
Architectural Barriers Survey App offers a system of data collection that allow crowdsourcing in the field of the urban architectural features evaluation. Thanks to this application and the NoiseTube App, the user will become active part of the project, letting the data collected in the urban area be accessible to everybody through a dedicated web portal.
Architectural Barriers Survey App is available from Apple Store for free
Routing services Best practice: GSH NGO Cles
A good example of involvment of the final users is the collaboration with GSH: • GSH was already involved into
architectural barriers survey, but the data (in analogic format) are not usable and difficult to update.
• i-SCOPE involves the NGO into the definitions of the data model of the application.
• GSH performs an already planned survey substituting the traditional analogic survey with a first beta version of the app. Thanks to their feedback many improvements have been done.
• i-SCOPE provide the collected data into an open reusable (.csv) format to GSH.
• The data acquired became the base for the OSM data enrichment (to be completed).
Dedicated Web Portal – Data Export The data are listed in a table view and the photos are visible in a preview popup.
JOSM editor The new surveyed featurs have to be used to edit and enrich the existing OSM dataset (in green the new sidewalks features)
Routing services
Application Domain Definition
Conclusion
Crowd source approach is growing with location services
enabled smart-phones;
Issues are still open about accuracy and quality;
Definition of very strong constrains into survey rules and
procedures can improve the situation;
A well defined data model is mandatory;
Very difficult to instantiate a direct pipeline: collection-
services.