Download - Applied Research Project PROPOSAL
Applied Research Project
Prepared for:
Arman Vahedi
Proposal
2055 Notre Dame Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba Red River College
Prepared by:
Melissa McMillan Mark Dacquel
i
Abstract
In aligning our core principles with the Construction Resource Initiatives Council’s
Mission 2030 project towards zero waste in the construction industry, this Applied
Research Project (ARP) will investigate the compressive strength of concrete at 7, 28
and 56 days using different gradations of recycled glass as an alternative to crushed
rock, stone, sand and gravel as coarse and fine aggregates in concrete mixes. We will
build on past research and further develop studies of using recycled glass as a
supplemental material for aggregates in concrete.
Benefits of using recycled glass as coarse and fine aggregates include: working towards
zero construction waste (Mission 2030); taking a proactive approach to sustainable
development; utilizing the three R’s – RECYCLE, REUSE AND REDUCE; diversion of
glass from waste stream; and supplementing non-renewable resources such as crushed
rock, stone, sand and gravel as coarse and fine aggregates in design mix codes.
Data collection and analysis will enable a better understanding of the properties of
concrete using recycled glass as aggregates and build on previous studies on the topic
and the constraints on long-term durability, called alkali-silica reaction (ASR).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i
1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Project Scope ................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 Project Benefits ............................................................................................................... 2
4.0 Project Approach ............................................................................................................. 2
5.1 Project Site .................................................................................................................. 3
5.2 Experiments ................................................................................................................. 3
5.3 Analytical Methods ...................................................................................................... 4
5.4 Software ...................................................................................................................... 5
5.5 Design .......................................................................................................................... 5
5.6 Data Collection ............................................................................................................ 5
6.0 Estimated Timeline ...................................................................................................... 6
7.0 Project Deliverables ......................................................................................................... 6
8.0 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 6
9.0 Project Team ......................................................................................................................... 7
References .................................................................................................................................. 9
Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 11
Appendix A: CRI Council Core Principles .................................................................................... 12
Appendix B: Mission 2030 Pledge .............................................................................................. 14
Appendix C: Gantt Chart ............................................................................................................ 16
1
1.0 Introduction
“Sustainable development is about meeting the needs of today without
compromising the needs of future generations. It is about improving the standard
of living by protecting human health, conserving the environment, using
resources efficiently and advancing long-term economic competitiveness. It
requires the integration of environmental, economic and social priorities into
policies and programs and requires action at all levels - citizens, industry, and
governments” (Environment Canada, 2014).
In aligning our core principles with that of the Construction Resource Initiatives
Council (Appendix A – CRI Council Core Principles) towards sustainable
development as defined by Environment Canada, the aim of this Applied
Research Project (ARP) is to investigate the compressive strength of concrete
using different gradations of recycled glass as an alternative to crushed rock,
stone, sand and gravel as coarse and fine aggregates in design mix codes. We
will build on past research and further develop studies of using recycled glass as
a supplemental material for aggregates in concrete.
“After water, concrete is the most widely used material in the world. Concrete is
literally the foundation of our homes, communities and cities. As such it has a
critical role to play in the future success of sustainable development” (Concrete
Joint Sustainability Iniative).
2
2.0 Project Scope
The primary objective of this ARP is to investigate the compressive strength of
concrete at 7, 28 and 56 days using varying ratios of recycled glass as an
alternative to crushed rock, stone, sand and gravel as coarse and fine
aggregates in design mix codes. We aim to gain a better understanding of the
properties of concrete using recycled glass as aggregates and build on previous
studies on the topic and the constraints on long-term durability, called alkali-silica
reaction (ASR). “The product of ASR is called ASR gel, which swells with the
absorption of moisture. Sometimes the generated pressure due to ASR gel is
sufficient to induce the development and propagation of fractures in concrete.
Therefore the major problem that we need to solve for utilization of glass
aggregate in Portland cement concrete is how to reduce the long-term damage of
concrete due to ASR expansion” (Yungping Xi, 2003).
We will implement the first steps of our core principles towards sustainable
development and zero waste in the concrete, architectural, civil and construction
industries by:
• Changing management strategies
• Effective communication, awareness and advocacy
• Integration and education
• Commitment to tools and support
• Sustainable development research and technology for zero waste
1
“In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates. The paste,
composed of Portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine and
coarse aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste
hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete. For a
good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of
absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other fine materials that could cause
the deterioration of concrete. Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of
the total volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories--fine and
coarse. Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with
most particles passing through a 3/8-inch sieve. Coarse aggregates are any
particles greater than 0.19 inch, but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches
in diameter. Gravels constitute the majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete
with crushed stone making up most of the remainder” (Portland Cement
Association, 2014).
“Waste glass is a major component of the solid waste stream in many countries.
Glass is a 100% recyclable material with high performances and unique aesthetic
properties which make it suitable for wide-spread uses. Besides, the current
recycling state and legislative forces pose great pressures on glass recycling and
reusing. The use of glass as aggregates in concrete has great potential for future
high quality concrete development” (Liang, 2007).
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3.0 Project Benefits
The benefits of using recycled glass as coarse and fine aggregates include:
• Working towards zero waste (Mission 2030)
• Taking a proactive approach to sustainable development
• Utilization of the three R’s – RECYCLE, REUSE AND REDUCE
• Glass diverted from the landfill
• Non-renewable resources such as crushed rock, stone, sand and gravel
as coarse and fine aggregates in design mix codes will be supplemented
• Build on past and recent studies
• Studying economic feasibility and practicality
4.0 Project Approach
The project approach includes:
• Researching previous studies of using different gradations of recycled
glass and different ratios of coarse and fine aggregates in concrete
• Research design mix codes of concrete for specific applications (structural
vs non-structural)
• Decide on design mix codes to use as control in experiment
• Decide on ratios of recycled glass to supplement coarse and fine
aggregates (10%, 25%, 50% and 100%)
• Locate a supply of glass (landfill, recycle depots etc.)
3
5.1 Project Site
The investigation will be conducted at the Red River CARSI Laboratory and
Building Products Concrete Supply LP quality control laboratory.
5.2 Experiments
We aim to gain a better understanding of the properties of concrete using
recycled glass as aggregates and build on previous studies on the topic and the
constraints of ASR using existing concrete design mix codes by partially or fully
replacing fine and coarse aggregate with recycled glass in accordance with Mix
Design Using ACI 211.1-Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal,
Heavyweight and Mass Concrete. A process control will be in accordance with
CSA, ACI and ASTM test methods and practices:
• C1064/C1064M - Temperature of Freshly Mixed Hydraulic-Cement
Concrete
• C172 - Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
• C143/C143M - Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
• C138/C138M - Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content of Concrete
• C231 - Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
• C173/C173M - Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric
Method
• C31/C31M - Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
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5.3 Analytical Methods
• Identify the problem to solve.
Replace coarse and fine aggregates in concrete with recycled glass while
maintain compressive strength.
• Choose an appropriate process.
Research previous studies and decide on what parameters to change (ratios of
recycled glass in concrete mix design).
• Hypothesize analysis or solution elements.
Increase the use of recycled glass in the fine aggregate ratio as opposed to the
coarse aggregate ratio to deter ASR.
• Perform the experiments.
Use the CARSI and Building Products Lab to conduct experiment.
• Accept, reject or modify the hypothesis.
Adjust ratios of recycled glass aggregates.
• Implement the solution.
Redo the experiment with new hypothesis.
• Continuously improve the process.
Repeat analytical method process to gain better understanding of the problem.
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5.4 Software
Software included in this ARP includes:
• Marcotte Mix Design Program
• MS Excel
• MS Project
• MS Word
5.5 Design
This ARP includes the research of previous studies on the use of recycled glass
in concrete and subsequent decisions on the ratios to be used to deter ASR.
Using existing concrete mix design codes, the fine and coarse aggregates will be
partially or totally replaced with recycled glass in accordance with ACI 211.1-
Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight and Mass
Concrete. A process control will be in accordance with ACI and ASTM test
methods and practices.
Existing mix designs will be used as control samples to evaluate and analyze the
test samples of different recycled glass ratios in coarse and fine aggregates.
Each mix design we create will have four cylinder specimens to evaluate their
compressive strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days.
5.6 Data Collection
Data will be collected during process control, which will be in accordance with
ACI and ASTM test methods and practices and from results of compression
strength tests at 7, 28 and 56 days.
6
6.0 Estimated Timeline
Refer to Appendix
7.0 Project Deliverables
Project deliverables include:
• Weekly Reports
• Proposal
• Lab Tests
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Conclusion(s) and Recommendation(s)
• Presentation of Sustainable Mix Code
8.0 Conclusion
In conclusion this ARP will investigate the compressive strength of concrete after
7, 28 and 56 days using different gradations of recycled glass as an alternative to
crushed rock, stone, sand and gravel as coarse and fine aggregates in design
mix codes. With our data collection and analysis we will gain a better
understanding of the properties of concrete using recycled glass as aggregates
and build on previous studies on the topic and the constraints on long-term
durability, called alkali-silica reaction (ASR).
This project will implement the first steps of our core principles towards
sustainable development and zero waste in the concrete, architectural, civil and
construction industries (Mission 2030).
7
9.0 Project Team
The project team includes:
Name Experience Peter Denton, Ph.D.
(Instructor in Ethics and
Sustainability at Red
River College and
member of the CRI
Council Board of
Directors)
(Faculty Advisor)
Dr. Peter Denton is a cultural systems analyst, with
particular interests in social and environmental
sustainability as well as appropriate technology and
development.
Brian Scammell
(Quality Control
Supervisor at Building
Products & Concrete
Supply)
Brian Scammell has been with Building Products &
Concrete Supply for 37 years, and has experience
developing new mix designs, conducting quality
control and compressive strength tests.
John Kuchak, C.E.T.
(Geotechnical Instructor
at Red River College)
John Kuchak has 42 years of experience as an
industry practitioner in the fields of civil engineering
construction with a strong emphasis in geotechnical
investigations, materials testing, preparation of
Portland cement and asphaltic concrete mix
designs, quality control inspections of construction,
and concrete technology and restoration.
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Mark Dacquel
(Senior Environmental
Technology Student at
Red River College)
Mark Dacquel has six months’ work experience as
a Junior Structural Technologist and six months
work experience as a Laboratory and Quality
Control Technician. He is ACI certified in concrete
field testing.
Melissa McMillan
(Senior Environmental
Technology Student at
Red River College)
Melissa McMillan has one year work experience as
a Laboratory and Quality Control Technician. She is
ACI certified in concrete field testing.
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References
ACI Manitoba Chapter. (2009). Technician Workbook 2009 For Training of
Concrete Field Testing Technicians. Winnipeg.
Concret Staff. (2006, January 13). Making and Curing Concrete Cylinders.
Retrieved November 14, 2014, from Concrete Construction:
http://www.concreteconstruction.net/concrete-curing/making-and-curing-
concrete-cylinders.aspx
Concrete Joint Sustainability Iniative. (n.d.). Concrete's Vital Contribution to
Sustainable Development. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from Concrete
Joint Sustainability Initiative: http://www.sustainableconcrete.org/
Environment Canada. (2014, July 2). Sustainable Development. Retrieved
December 9, 2014, from Environment Canda: http://www.ec.gc.ca/dd-
sd/default.asp?lang=En&n=C2844D2D-1
Jr., W. C. (2008, February). Quality Management Systems for Ready Mixed
Concrete Companies. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from www.nrmca.org:
http://www.nrmca.org/p2p/qms%203%20parts%20small.pdf
Liang, H. Z. (2007, September 15). Use of Waste Glass as Aggregate in
Concrete. Edinburgh, UK.
NRMCA. (2007). Concrete in Practice. Retrieved November 16, 2014, from
Concrete Answers: http://www.concreteanswers.org/CIPs/CIP41.htm
10
Portland Cement Association. (2014). How Concrete is Made. Retrieved
December 9, 2014, from Portland Cement Association:
http://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-basics/how-concrete-is-made
Ready Mixed Concret Company. (2009). Quality Assurance. Retrieved
November 1, 2014, from RMCC: http://www.rmcc.com/quality-assurance-
control.html
Red River College. (2014). ACI Certification for Concrete Field Testing
Technician - Grade 1. Winnipeg.
Sustainable Concrete. (2012). Aggregates. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from
Sunstainable Concrete:
http://www.sustainableconcrete.org.uk/top_nav/what_is_concrete/aggrega
tes.aspx
thwink.org. (2014). Analytical Method. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from
thwink.org: http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/AnalyticalMethod.htm
Yungping Xi, Y. L. (2003). Utilization of Solid Wastes (Waste Glass and Rubber
Particles) as Aggregates in Concrete. Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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Appendices
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Appendix A: CRI Council Core Principles
Core Principles
The CRI Council core principles will help us share our vision and achieve our
mission.
Change Management Strategies
We acknowledge that buildings, their infrastructure, operations and maintenance
represent the most significant human contribution to environmental degradation.
To continue building and demolishing these structures as though the supplies of
resources, room for waste disposal and the planet’s ability to absorb toxins are
all limitless, threatens our environmental, economic and social sustainability;
therefore requiring solid change management strategies for sustainable
consumption and production.
Effective Communication, Awareness and Advocacy
We will work to increase industry and public awareness of the issue of industrial,
commercial and institutional waste; support existing aligned industry campaigns;
encourage and create new collaborative educational programs between and for
the public and private sectors to increase environmental literacy and motivate all
levels of governments, businesses and individuals to rise to the challenges. We
will advocate for improved support to recyclers and waste reduction infrastructure
in a pragmatic manner, and oppose the creation of new landfills or landfill
expansions.
Integration & Education
By adopting integrated and learner-centered education approaches, the CRI
Council aims to make informed decision and increase cooperation to deal with
industry waste and resource policies, design and practices, with maximum
synergies and minimum trade-offs, making sustainability sustainable.
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Commitment to Tools and Support
Respecting and ensuring the implementation and enforcement of existing
regulations is vital to the success of achieving any other goals and objectives.
Therefore, we will give our full support to those already working in this field. We
will be vocal supporters of official efforts to reduce waste and improve
sustainability.
We are committed to supporting the development of green building codes,
standards, guidelines and tools aimed at reducing the negative life cycle impacts,
focusing on those associated from wasted resources, seeking first and foremost
reliable measurable and verifiable results.
Sustainable Development Research and Technology for Zero Waste
We will explore new technologies and encourage design strategies that utilize
sustainable principles and proven best practices, such as design for durability,
disassembly and deconstruction in order to reduce dependence on virgin
resources, reuse salvageable components and recycle existing materials.
Recognizing that Zero Waste is a journey, we will continuously inspire and
motivate ourselves and others to strive for innovation and zero waste impact
growth.
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Appendix B: Mission 2030 Pledge
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Appendix C: Gantt Chart