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Applying Mobility First for the
Internet of Things
»Presented by Rich Martin»WINLAB, Rutgers University
»Credit to all in the MF team
»
»
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The Opportunity
Today: 1 million transistors per $
Moore’s Law: # transistors on cost-effective chip doubles every 18 months
years
ComputersPer Person
103:1
1:106
Laptop
PDA
Mainframe
Mini
WorkstationPC
Cell
1:1
1:103
Bell’s Law: a new computer class emerges every 10 years
Same fabrication technology provides CMOS radios for communication and micro-sensors
Tag
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History and Vision
Everything in the physical worldconnects to the Internet
• 1999 Smart Dust• 2000 Sensor Networks• 2001 EPIC • 2004 Internet of Things• 2005 Ambient Intelligence• 2009 Swarms
Not yet realized the vision.– Analogous to Memex, Hypertext, Web ~ 1985
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Outline
Distinct ApproachesExperiences with Owl in Winlab Existing Limitations
Applying Mobility First for the IoTNext Steps Conclusions
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Distinct Approaches
Things look like URI namespaces– Web of Things– NDN
Things are in Flatworld of unique IDs– RFID/EPIC– Mobility First – IPv6
Real systems will be hybrids
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Owl Platform Layers• Application is a presentation
layer: (web, email, SMS)
• World Model works in URI space
• Solvers convert sensed ID and values to meaningful URIs
• Aggregation provides adaptation layer on ID space to IP
• Support variety of sensors
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Owl Sensors
TO-PIP:Sense 1+ times a second
• Light, temperature, switches, standing water (humidity, soil moister)
Transmit 3 packets when sensed value changes
Transmit heartbeat every 30 seconds
Transmit-OnlyTO-PIP(2013)
ClassicTelosB (2004)
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TO-PIP Energy Validation
Event Frequency (seconds)
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Owl Application: Status and notification
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Application: Laboratory Animal Monitoring
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Lessons from Owl
Energy– Will need adaptation layers
Scale– Will happen, but problems are farther off
Naming – Will need both Symbolic (URI), and Flat (ID) just like today– Humans vs Machines and Concepts vs Things
Mobility across domains– Will have to support as scale happens
Security: The Elephant in the room Sensing: Important
Actuation: Very, very Important. Purposely avoided because of security
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Power Limited Devices → Adaptation Layers
“The IP information adds about 100 bits to each message, which typically has a negligible impact on the response time and power requirements”
Gershenfeld, “Internet of Things” 2004
Experiences building a 10-year lifetime wireless sensor
- 1.3 uJ per unique Tx bit
- All bits transmitted and receiver times are precious (Turn off Rx → Transmit Only Protocols)
Existing networking is too heavyweight for multi-year lifetime battery powered devices
Devices connected with high power will need to run adaptation layers
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Key Mobility First concepts for the IoT
Global Unique Identifiers (GUID)Network Independent
Flat space
Symbolic Name → GUID mapping (GNS) Human Readable and Management of the name space (URI style)
Identifier → Network Address (GNRS) Machine Readable, rapid translation → route-able
Scale
Overloading GUIDs Traditional Communication Devices, Content, Context Group
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Mobility First Overview for the IoT
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Measured read performance
Local:Global ratioLocal:Global ratio
(ms)
GNRS (Rutgers) Auspice (UMass)
Takeaway: 10-100 ms would be typical, 1 s worst case
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Building Context Groups
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Existing MF prototype on phones
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Close: Security for the IoT!
Sensing: light-weight security Authentication, Confidentiality (but not always)
Physical layer security + rotating hash codes
Actuation: strong security needed– E.g. Vending Machine, Door locks – Authentication, Confidentiality, Authorization, Accountability
MF approach: GUIDs as public key + signed messages
Open issues: – Energy use? (Secure actuation requires high energy?) – Key Management? (Based on physical security?)
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Backup slides
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TO-PIP: Total duty cycle
Region Time I(µs) (mA)
------------------------------A 100 4B 140 2C 560 3D 80 10E 380 18F 40 3