APUSH CHAPTER 17
MANIFEST DESTINY and ITS LEGACY
1841-1848
““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny” First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.
First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federalative development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federalative development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
““American Progress” by American Progress” by John Gast, 1872John Gast, 1872
““American Progress” by American Progress” by John Gast, 1872John Gast, 1872
Aroostook “War,” 1839Aroostook “War,” 1839Aroostook “War,” 1839Aroostook “War,” 1839 The only war ever declared by a state.
Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.
Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.
Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”
General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.
The only war ever declared by a state.
Between the Canadian region of New Brunswick and the state of Maine.
Cause: The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.
Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for $10,000,000 to pay for the “war.”
General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a border commission was convened to resolve the issue.
Maine Boundary Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Settlement, 1842Maine Boundary Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Settlement, 1842
Americans Americans began moving began moving into Texas in into Texas in the 1820’s the 1820’s
and brought and brought their slaves their slaves with them. with them.
War fought War fought by Texans by Texans
against against Mexico Mexico
because they because they believed their believed their
rights had rights had been violated.been violated.
Won by Won by Texans in Texans in 1836 and 1836 and
requests to requests to enter the U.S.enter the U.S.
Reasons Texans Opposed Mexican Citizenship
Did not want to adopt Mexican customs
Did not see Mexico as their own country
Few spoke Spanish, and most found the Spanish Catholic Church alien to them
Major Battle Outcome
Gonzales Mexicans retreat
AlamoTexans defeated afterInflicting serious lossesOn Mexicans
San Jacinto Texans prevail
President President Jackson and Jackson and Van Buren Van Buren refused to refused to recognize recognize
Texas Texas statehood statehood because of because of
slavery.slavery.Texas
became its own country
with Sam Houston
president, 1836 to 1845.Mexico never Mexico never
recognized recognized the the
independence independence of Texas.of Texas.
Texas entered as a U.S. state
in 1845.Mexico vowed if
Texas became
part of the U.S., this would be an act of
war.One cause of the war
with Mexico in 1846.
Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
Texas Declaration of Texas Declaration of IndependenceIndependence
Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836Key Figures in Texas Key Figures in Texas Independence,Independence, 1836 1836
Sam Houston(1793-1863)Sam Houston(1793-1863)
Steven Austin(1793-1836)
Steven Austin(1793-1836)
The Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of TexasThe Republic of Texas
Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!Remember the Alamo!
Mr. Barberree before The Atkins Diet
Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand
Davey Crockett’s Last Davey Crockett’s Last StandStand
The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo
The Battle of the The Battle of the AlamoAlamo
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo
Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West
Overland Immigration Overland Immigration to the Westto the West
Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.
Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.
Reasons Americans Went West
Religious freedom
Opportunity to own their Own farms
To fulfill the conceptOf Manifest Destiny
To convert Native Americans To Christianity
To act as trailblazers
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869
Trails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails WestwardTrails Westward
Trails toThe West
Oregon TrailCalifornia Trail
Santa Fe Trail
Mormon TrailOld SpanishTrail
ButterfieldOverland MailTrail
Pony ExpressTrail
Many ChallengesFaced Americans Who Moved West
Terrain between the frontier and the Pacific was difficult
The typical trip west took five to six months
Travelers feared attacks by Native American warriors
The Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner PartyThe Doomed Donner Party
April, 1846 – April, 1847
April, 1846 – April, 1847
The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty
The Doomed Donner The Doomed Donner PartyParty
James Reed & Wife
James Reed & Wife
Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen
Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen
Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!
Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!
CANNIBALISM ! !
CANNIBALISM ! !
Dems --> James Knox Polk
The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight!
The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight!54’ 40º or Fight! By the mid-
1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.
By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.
The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.
The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.
Whigs Henry Clay
1844 Campaign Flag
Liberty Party James Birney
“Texas Coming In”
Texas (the beast): I fear I cannot carry you into the Presidential Chair.
Polk: Dear Texas, I knew you cannot—I wish I had rode some
other horse but it is too late to repent.
1844 Election Results
“JAMES K. POLK”by They Might Be Giants
In 1844, the Democrats were splitThe three nominees for the presidential candidateWere Martin Van Buren, a former president and an abolitionistJames Buchanan, a moderateLewis Cass, a general and expansionistFrom Nashville came a dark horse riding upHe was James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump!
“JAMES K. POLK”by They Might Be Giants
Austere, severe, he held few people dearHis oratory filled his foes with fearThe factions soon agreedHe's just the man we needTo bring about victoryFulfill our Manifest DestinyAnd annex the land the Mexicans commandAnd when the votes were cast the winner wasMister James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump!
“JAMES K. POLK”by They Might Be Giants
In four short years he met his every goalHe seized the whole southwest from MexicoMade sure the tariffs fellAnd made the English sell the Oregon TerritoryHe built an independent treasuryHaving done all this he sought no second termBut precious few have mourned the passing ofMister James K. Polk, our eleventh president“Young Hickory,” Napoleon of the Stump!
1. Lower the tariff.
2. Resolve the Oregon boundarydispute.
3. Restore the independent treasury.
4. Acquire California.
Goals of Polk’s Administration
The Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag RepublicThe Bear Flag Republic
John C. FrémontJohn C.
Frémont
The Revolt June 14, 1845
The Revolt June 14, 1845
The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845Nov., 1845
The Slidell Mission: The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845Nov., 1845
Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.
US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.
US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5,000,000.
US would California at any price.
Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.
US would forgive American citizens’claims against the Mexican govt.
US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5,000,000.
US would California at any price.
John SlidellJohn Slidell
Causes Effects
Disputes between theU.S. and Mexico Over claimingTexas as part of the LouisianaPurchase
Idea of Manifest Destiny
Mexican president’s refusal to meet with U.S. envoy to discuss the U.S. purchase Of California territory
Mexico’s refusal torecognize the Independenceof Texas
Annexation of Texas in the Union In 1845
Mexico ceded the U.S.More than 500,000Square miles of territoryIncluding: California, UtahNevada, most of New MexicoAnd Arizona and parts ofColorado and Wyoming
U.S. paid Mexico $15 millionAnd took over Mexico’s debtsOwed to American citizens
Dream of Manifest Destinyrealized
Revived question of slaveryIn new states
War with Mexico
The Mexican War (1846-The Mexican War (1846-1848)1848)
The Mexican War (1846-The Mexican War (1846-1848)1848)
General Zachary Taylor at General Zachary Taylor at Palo AltoPalo Alto
General Zachary Taylor at General Zachary Taylor at Palo AltoPalo Alto
“Old Rough and Ready”
“Old Rough and Ready”
The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz
The Bombardment of The Bombardment of Vera CruzVera Cruz
General Scott Enters General Scott Enters Mexico CityMexico City
General Scott Enters General Scott Enters Mexico CityMexico City
“Old Fuss and Feathers”
“Old Fuss and Feathers”
Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.
Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.
Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)
Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)
Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848
Nicholas Trist,American
Negotiator
Nicholas Trist,American
Negotiator
Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe-Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848Hidalgo, 1848
Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.
Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).
Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.
Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3,500,000).
The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico’s Provisions United State’s Provisions
Ceded over 500,000 square miles of territory
Accepted Rio Grande as Texas border
Paid Mexico $15 million
Claimed $3.25 million in Mexican debts
Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?
Results of the Mexican Results of the Mexican War?War?
1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).
2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)
3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.
4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.
5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.
1. The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease).
2. New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. * Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX)
3. These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South.
4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President.
5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.
The Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession