Download - Arch graphics
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Architectural Graphics
CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P.Asst. Prof. (SG)
SRM School of Architecture
SRM University
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Traditional Drawing Tools
Traditional Drawing Tools
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DRAWING TOOLS
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1. T-Square 2. Triangles
DRAWING TOOLS
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3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils
HB for thick line 2H for thin line
DRAWING TOOLS
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5. Sandpaper 6. Compass
DRAWING TOOLS
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7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield
DRAWING TOOLS
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9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper
DRAWING TOOLS
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11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper
DRAWING TOOLS
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Freehand Sketching
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Straight Line
1. Hold the pencil naturally.
2. Spot the beginning and end points.
3. Swing the pencil back and forth between the points, barely
touching the paper until the direction is clearly established.
4. Draw the line firmly with a free and easy wrist-and-arm
motion
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Horizontal lineHorizontal line
Vertical lineVertical line
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Nearly verticalNearly verticalinclined lineinclined line
Nearly horizontalNearly horizontalinclined lineinclined line
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Small Circle
Method 1 : Starting with a square
1. Lightly sketching the square and marking the mid-points.
2. Draw light diagonals and mark the estimated radius.
3. Draw the circle through the eight points.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
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Method 2 : Starting with center line
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
1. Lightly draw a center line.
2. Add light radial lines and mark the estimated radius.
3. Sketch the full circle.
Small Circle
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ArcMethod 1 : Starting with a square
Method 2 : Starting with a center line
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Basic Strokes
StraightStraight SlantedSlanted CurvedCurvedHorizontalHorizontal
1 1 2
3
Examples : Application of basic stroke
“I” letter “A” letter 1
2
3
4 5
6
“B” letter
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Suggested Strokes Sequence
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Upper-case letters & Numerals
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The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital
letter.
Suggested Strokes SequenceLower-case letters
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GOOD
Not uniform in style.
Not uniform in height.
Not uniformly vertical or inclined.
Not uniform in thickness of stroke.
Area between letters not uniform.
Area between words not uniform.
Example : Good and Poor Lettering
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Leave the space between words equal to the spacerequires for writing a letter “O”.
Example
Sentence Composition
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE INMILLIMETERS
O O OO UNLESS
OTHERWISE SPECIFIED.O
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GRAPHICS LANGUAGE
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1. Try to write a description of this object.
2. Test your written description by having someone attempt to make a sketch from your description.
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
The word languages are inadequate for describing the
sizesize, shapeshape and featuresfeatures completely as well as
concisely.
You can easily understand that …
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Graphic language use llinesines to represent the surfacessurfaces,
edgesedges and contourscontours of objects.
A drawing can be done using freehandfreehand, instrumentsinstruments or computercomputer methods.
Composition of Graphic Language
The language is known as “drawingdrawing” or “draftingdrafting” .
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Freehand drawingFreehand drawing The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.
Example
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Instrument drawingInstrument drawing Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.
Example
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Computer drawingComputer drawing The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.
Example
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Architectural Graphics
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Elements
Drawing comprises of graphics languagegraphics language
and word languageword language.
Graphicslanguage
Describe a shape(mainly).
Wordlanguage
Describe size, location andspecification of the object.
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Basic Knowledge for Drafting
Graphicslanguage
Wordlanguage
Linetypes
Geometricconstruction Lettering
Projectionmethod
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PROJECTION METHOD
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PROJECTION METHOD
Perspective
Oblique Orthographic
Axonometric Multiview
Parallel
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PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is based on two variables:
1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
The projection theory is used to graphically represent
3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).
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Line of sightLine of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.
Line of sight
Parallel projectionParallel projection
Line of sight
Perspective projectionPerspective projection
There are 2 types of LOS : parallel convergeand
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Plane of projectionPlane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.
Parallel projectionParallel projection Perspective projectionPerspective projection
Plane of projection Plane of projection
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Disadvantage ofPerspective Projection
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted
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Orthographic Projection
Orthographic Projection
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5
Orthographic projectionOrthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
MEANING
Object views from top
Projection plane
1
2
3
4
51 2 3 4
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ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWOrthographic view Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Two dimensions of anobject is shown.
Three dimensions of an object is shown.
Rotate
Tilt
More than one view is neededto represent the object.
Multiview drawingMultiview drawing
Axonometric drawingAxonometric drawing
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Orthographic projection technique can produce either
1. 1. Multiview drawingMultiview drawing that each view show an object in two dimensions.
2. 2. Axonometric drawingAxonometric drawing that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.
Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for
communication.
NOTES
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
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Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Easy to understand
Right angle becomes obtuse angle.
Circular hole becomes ellipse.
Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing
AdvantageAdvantage
DisadvantageDisadvantage Shape and angle distortion
Example
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Types of Axonometrics
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Multiview Drawing
It represents accurate shape and size.AdvantageAdvantage
DisadvantageDisadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.
Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)Example
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The Glass Box Approach
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Orthographic Projection
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Opening the Box
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Final Views
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Six Orthographic Views
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Laying Out All Six Views
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Three Primary Views
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Construction of Views
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Third-angle Projection
First-angle Projection
First and Third Angle Projections
• First Angle – International• Third Angle – U.S.
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Basic Line Types
Types of Lines AppearanceName according
to application
Continuous thick line Visible line
Continuous thin line Dimension line
Extension line
Leader line
Dash thick line Hidden line
Chain thin line Center line
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Visible linesVisible lines represent features that can be seen in the
current view
Meaning of Lines
Hidden linesHidden lines represent features that can not be seen in
the current view
Center lineCenter line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers
of circles, axis of axisymmetrical parts
Dimension and Extension linesDimension and Extension lines indicate the sizes and
location of features on a drawing
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Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
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Good practice
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Exercise
• Complete three orthographic views of the object shown on the next slide.
• Include visible, hidden, and center lines where appropriate.
• You will be given 7 minutes.
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Object for exercise
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Solution
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Drawing Standard
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Introduction
StandardsStandards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.
Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey
the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
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ISO International Standards Organization
Standard Code
ANSI American National Standard InstituteUSA
JIS Japanese Industrial StandardJapan
BS British StandardUK
AS Australian StandardAustralia
Deutsches Institut für NormungDINGermany
Country Code Full name
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Partial List of Drawing Standards
JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of DrawingsSizes and Format of Drawings
JIS Z 8312 Line ConventionsLine Conventions
JIS Z 8313 LetteringLettering
JIS Z 8314 ScalesScales
JIS Z 8315 Projection methods
JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections
JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning
Code number Contents
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Drawing Sheet
Trimmed paper ofa size A0 ~ A4.
Standard sheet size (JIS)
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0(Dimensions in millimeters)
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Drawing space Drawingspace
Title block
d
d
c
c
cBorder lines
1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)
Orientation of drawing sheet
Title block
Sheet size c (min) d (min) A4 10 25 A3 10 25 A2 10 25 A1 20 25 A0 20 25
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Drawing Scales
ScaleScale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.
Size in drawing Actual size
Length, size
:
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Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow
SCALE 1:1 for full size
SCALE X:1 for enlargementenlargement scales
SCALE 1:X for reductionreduction scales