Download - Archi types
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Climate architypo
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VERNACULAR
• Vernaculus is a term used to identify the language of the origin. The word coming from the latin VERNUS, an asian (sanskrit) term, used by romans to identify a slave and, in particular, the one who, parentsfrom abroad, has born in the master’s house.So in latin time, they used to speak about vernacula vocabula as wellas festivitas, to identify slaves’ homeland traditions.
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VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
• It is the traditional, local architecture. Synonim of popular, poor, oldfashion, local materials, climate responsive, also sustainable
Pictures used in wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture
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After Nomadic -> Permanent dwelling
• The main building materials, naturally available, are STONE, MUD and WOOD
• The main building choices are:
• Let natural light/sun enter/keep it out of the building
• Let natural ventilation go through the buiding (and the envelope)
• Stop/enhance heat transfer from inside to outside
• Stop/enhance heat transfer from outside to inside
• Store heat in the envelope
• Stop/enhance moisture transfer from inside to outside or store it in the envelope
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BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE
• Bioclimatic design – combining “biology” and “climate”, started in the 1950 with few architects: James Marston Ficht, Victor and AladarOlgyay
• Design choices want to assure physiological and psychologicalcomfort (and healthy conditions). You can study the (micro)climateand choose those strategies that works better.
• Climate analysis starts with the Olgyay climatic charts.
Vivian Loftness, Dagmar Haase (eds.), Sustainable Built Environment, ISBN: 978-1-4614-5827-2
You also have CLIMATE RESPONSIVE, CONSCIOUS, … ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE
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The Watson and Labs matrix (1973)
HEAT SOURCES
Main strategies Conduction Ventilation Radiation Moisture transf.
WINTER(cold season)
Increase heat gain Improve heat storagewhen available
Improve indirect gainsfrom warm soil or sun
Improve solar gains
-
Reduce heat loss Reduce heat transfer from inside
Reduce air exchangesand infiltrations
(*) -
SUMMER(hot season)
Reduce heat gain Reduce heat transf.from out to insideReduce heat storage.
Reduce air exchangesand infiltrations of hotter external air
Reduce solar gains -
Increase heat loss Increase heat transf.from in. to outside
Improve air exchangesand infiltrations of colder external air
Increase radiantlosses (cooling)
Use evaporativecooling
SOURCES - Atmosphere (+earth) Sun -
SINKS Earth Atmosphere (+earth) Sky vault Atmosphere (+water)
(*) in theory … you could
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How many different climates we have?
Klima (ancient greek) means inclination. The sun inclination influences the temperature (of the air).
Wladimir Köppen (a botanist and geographer) is the author of the first climate classification, based on the averages (monthly) of the:
• Rain fall
• Air temperature
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How many different climates we have?
Klima (ancient greek) means inclination. The sun inclination influences the temperature (of the air).
Wladimir Köppen (a botanist and geographer) is the author of the first climate classification, based on the averages (monthly) of the:
• Rain fall
• Air temperature
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How many different climates we have?
Klima (ancient greek) means inclination. The sun inclination influences the temperature (of the air).
Wladimir Köppen (a botanist and geographer) is the author of the first climate classification, based on the averages (monthly) of the:
• Rain fall
• Air temperature
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PASSIVE + SOLAR ARCHITECTURE
• Passive means non-active, i.e. without plants using non renewableenergy (we may have solar plants, using few NRenergy to work and to exploit solar sources) … the main renewable source being the SUN.
• End of 80ies the PASSIVHAUS movement become an institutionsupporting a building signature and certification
Mazria (1979) The passive solar energy book
Bo Adamson, Sweden+Wolfgang Feist, Germany
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GREEN and SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
• Climate change perception (not only energy security or saving)
• More complex approach: life cycle impact (embodied energy, disposalafter end of life …)
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Wladimir Peter Köppen1846, St.Petersburg1940, Gratz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen
Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation
Five main climate areas:
A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid)
B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate)
C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters),
D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters)
E Polar
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Tropical_climate_%28K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification%29.svg
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Wladimir Peter Köppen1846, St.Petersburg1940, Gratz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen
Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation
Five main climate areas:
A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid)
B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate)
C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters),
D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters)
E Polar
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Koppen_World_Map_B.png/1024px-Koppen_World_Map_B.png
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Wladimir Peter Köppen1846, St.Petersburg1940, Gratz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen
Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation
Five main climate areas:
A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid)
B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate)
C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters),
D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters)
E Polar
Dry-summer subtropical or Mediterranean climates
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Wladimir Peter Köppen1846, St.Petersburg1940, Gratz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen
Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation
Five main climate areas:
A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid)
B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate)
C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters),
D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters)
E Polar
Humid subtropical climates
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Wladimir Peter Köppen1846, St.Petersburg1940, Gratz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen
Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation
Five main climate areas:
A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid)
B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate)
C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters),
D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters)
E Polar
Oceanic climates
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Wladimir Peter Köppen1846, St.Petersburg1940, Gratz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen
Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation
Five main climate areas:
A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid)
B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate)
C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters),
D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters)
E Polar
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen_World_Map_D.png
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L’europa
http://sunbird.jrc.it/pvgis/pv/solres/solres.htm
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L’europa
http://sunbird.jrc.it/pvgis/pv/solres/solres.htm
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Design/operation choices
• Urban form/relation between buildings
• Orientation
• Form
• Air permeability
• Solar openings
• Colours
• Materials
• Use of the building
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DRY ClimatesDry, Arid, and Semiarid Climates
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Low-Latitude Hot Desert
(BWh)
Figure 6.21
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Low-Latitude Hot Steppe
(BSh)
Figure 6.23
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Midlatitude Cold Desert
(BWk)Figure 6.22
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Midlatitude Cold Steppe
Figure 6.24
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Hot and dry climates: mainly summer, with few winter care
HEAT SOURCES
Main strategies Conduction Ventilation Radiation Moisture transf.
WINTER(cold season)
Increase heat gain Improve heat storagewhen available
Improve indirect gainsfrom warm soil or sun
Improve solar gains
-
Reduce heat loss Reduce heat transfer from inside
Reduce air exchangesand infiltrations
(*) -
SUMMER(hot season)
Reduce heat gain Reduce heat transf.from out to insideReduce heat storage.
Reduce air exchangesand infiltrations of hotter external air
Reduce solar gains -
Increase heat loss Increase heat transf.from in. to outside
Improve air exchangesand infiltrations of colder external air
Increase radiantlosses (cooling)
Use evaporativecooling
SOURCES - Atmosphere (+earth) Sun -
SINKS Earth Atmosphere (+earth) Sky vault Atmosphere (+water)
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Design/operation choices
• Urban form
• Building Form
• Orientation
• Air permeability
• Solar openings
• Colours
• Materials
• Use of the building
http://www.brindisitime.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ostuni-Centro-Storico.jpg
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Design/operation choices
• Urban form
• Building Form
• Orientation
• Air permeability
• Solar openings
• Colours
• Materials
• Use of the building
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Design/operation choices
• Urban form: Compact, with vegetation (if possible)
• Building Form: Compact (if w/low internal gains)
• Orientation: Avoid west (and east), consider winds
• Air permeability: modifiable
• Solar openings: small and with mobile shadows
• Colours: Clear/white
• Materials: depends on the temperature cycle (annual and daily)
• Use of the building: close when too warm, open when cooler
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Design/operation choices
• Roof: Pitched if double, flat but as clear as possible or shadowed or green
• Wall: thick high conductivity to reduce the temperature variability
• Windows: Little, size to have enough winter solar gains and to minimize summers. Openable, with movable shade. If possible southfacing, other orientations to catch wind during night and days.
• Water: If any water, courtyard gardens and patio fountains(evapotranspiration), street trees, evaporation sprays …
• Balconies: may work to give shade on south facing walls
• Internal walls and doors: if acoustical privacy is not so important, with openings to let transverse ventilation take actions
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https://misfitsarchitecture.com/2015/04/11/its-not-rocket-science-12-getting-some-rays/#jp-carousel-72511
Passive cooling• Cooling can be achieved by the evaporation of
water.
• The courtyard is provided with water and plants, it acts as a cooling source.
• Internal courtyards provides cross ventilation & natural cooling.
• Most openings are to the internal courtyard rather than exterior surface.
Courtyard
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o u td o o r p la n n in g
Outdoor spaces:• As most day-to-day activities take place outside, it is
important to treat the external spacesjust as carefully as
the indoors.
• Adjacent buildings, pavements, roads heat up quickly and
cause a glare onto the building during the day and
at night, they radiate the heat stored during the day.
• One way to avoid this is to place walls protecting external
spaces, to keep out dust and winds.
• Also, landscaping like trees, plants and water in enclosed
spaces will cool the air by evaporation.
• But the best solution is courtyards. In these a pool of night
air is retained, as this is heavier than surrounding warm air
• A small courtyard is excellent asa thermal regulator.Courtyard design with evaporative cooling
Passive cooling• Cooling can be achieved by the evaporation of
water.
• The courtyard is provided with water and plants, it acts as a cooling source.
• Internal courtyards provides cross ventilation & natural cooling.
• Most openings are to the internal courtyard rather than exterior surface.
Courtyard
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Vernacular examples – Yemen mud high rise houses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam#/media/File:Shibam2.JPG
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Vernacular examples – Yemen mud high rise houses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam#/media/File:Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam#/media/File:Old_Walled_City_of_Shibam-109044.jpg
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Al Bahr Towers
2,000 intelligent, controlled, shadingcomponents that automatically open and close depending on the intensity of sunlight
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http://www.ritebook.in/2014/09/matmata-troglodyte-houses-in-tunisia.html
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http://www.ritebook.in/2014/09/matmata-troglodyte-houses-in-tunisia.html
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Tropical, warm-humidTropical Climates
daily temperature change is greater than annual
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Tropical Rain Forest
(Tropical Wet)
(Af)
Figure 6.6
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Tropical Monsoon
(Am)
Figure 6.7
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Figure 6.8
Tropical Savanna
(Tropical Wet-Dry)
(AW)
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Design/operation choices
• Urban form: sprawl to enhance ventilation cooling, with vegetation
• Building Form: diffused
• Orientation: not significant all sun must be shadeed
• Air permeability: the highest and through a double envelope
• Solar openings: the least
• Colours: Clear/white
• Materials: light
• Use of the building: as close as possible to light as open as possible to natural ventiliation
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Design/operation choices
• Roof and wall: double, light envelope external shadow + internalpermeable. No significative insulation
• Windows: wide and distributed (best if north and some south), with shade, roof windows in particular are important (stack effect+bestlighti), to catch wind during night and days.
• First floor: where there is a flood risk (but not only) … elevated
• Balconies: yes everywhere
• Internal walls and doors: if acoustical privacy is not so important, with openings to let transverse ventilation take actions
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Temperate (mesothermal) climateMesothermal Climates
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Figure 6.9
Humid Subtropical
Hot-Summer
(Cfa)
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Figure 6.11
Marine West Coast
(Cfb, Cfc)
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Figure 6.12
Marine West Coast
(Cfc)
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nMediterranean Climates
(Csa, Csb)
Figure 6.14
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Continental ClimateMicrothermal Climates
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Humid Continental Hot-Summer (Dfa, Dwa)
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Humid Continental Mild-Summer (Dfb, Dwb)
Figure 6.16
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Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc)
Figure 6.17
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Subarctic (Dfd, Dwd)
Figure 6.18
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Continental climate: both winters and summers
HEAT SOURCES
Main strategies Conduction Ventilation Radiation Moisture transf.
WINTER(cold season)
Increase heat gain Improve heat storagewhen available
Improve indirect gainsfrom warm soil or sun
Improve solar gains
-
Reduce heat loss Reduce heat transfer from inside
Reduce air exchangesand infiltrations
(*) -
SUMMER(hot season)
Reduce heat gain Reduce heat transf.from out to insideReduce heat storage.
Reduce air exchangesand infiltrations of hotter external air
Reduce solar gains -
Increase heat loss Increase heat transf.from in. to outside
Improve air exchangesand infiltrations of colder external air
Increase radiantlosses (cooling)
Use evaporativecooling
SOURCES - Atmosphere (+earth) Sun -
SINKS Earth Atmosphere (+earth) Sky vault Atmosphere (+water)
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Solar is power
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/congress/powerpoints/clericia0904.pps
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Solar energy through windows and wallsDIRECT GAIN
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Solar energy through windows and wallsDIRECT GAIN
Take care of OVERHEATING … consider ventilation
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Solar energy through windows and wallsDIRECT GAIN
Take care of OVERHEATING … consider ventilation
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What happens during the night?
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Form and geometry
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Form and geometry
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Form and geometry
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Form and geometry
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INDIRECT GAIN
• Thermal storage and MassA passive solar heating system consisting of a south facing heavy (high heat capacity) wall:• heavy masonry (Trombe Wall)• water filled containers (water wall)• The outside south facing surface is glazed to admit sunlight and reduce heat
losses.
• Trombe-Michel Wall -- a dark, south facing masonry wall protected by a glass (lower convection/radiation) + ventilation
• Water Wall -- a water filled containers behind the same glass, south facing of course.
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Thermal storage and MassINDIRECT GAIN
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Thermal storage and MassINDIRECT GAIN
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Thermal storage and MassINDIRECT GAIN
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Thermal storage and MassINDIRECT GAIN
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Thermal storage and MassINDIRECT GAIN
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Thermal storage and MassINDIRECT GAIN
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Thermal storage and MassINDIRECT GAIN
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Thermal storage and MassINDIRECT GAIN
Is this a living space?
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Solar Fabrique - Friburgo
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Solar Fabrique - Friburgo
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TIM
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PCM Phase Change Materials
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Puits canadiens
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Puits canadiens
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Some wiki-pages and other open (not always) resources:• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_yearly_temperature• https://www.slideshare.net/rmsimpson/climate-classification• Vivian Loftness, Dagmar Haase (eds), Sustainable Built Environments, Springer, 2013• http://www.solaripedia.com/• National design handbook prototype on passive solar heating and natural cooling of
buildings, UN Centre for Human Settlements, Nairobi, 1990, available here• Paul Gut, Dieter Ackerknecht, Climate responsive building. Appropriate Building
Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions, SKAT 1993, available here• Hassan Fathy, Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples
with Reference to Hot Arid Climates (1986), available here.
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