What are your views about:• Benefit system• Coalition government• Tuition fees• Pope’s visit to the UK• Equal opportunities
Starter Task
In your reading or from your general awareness, what topics have been interesting this week???
What are the pictures about? What is your view on the
issue?
CT Homework for 4/10/10Jaffa Cake argument analysis
Monday 27th September 2010
What are the Argument Elements, Indicator Words and
Assumptions?
Learning ObjectivesA01 – to identify REEACCH in
argumentsA02 – to evaluate assumptions
made in argumentsA03 – to utilise the indicator
words in own arguments
REEACCH
REASON
EVIDENCE
EXAMPLE
ASSUMPTION
CONCLUSION
COUNTER ASSERTION/ARGUMENT
HYPOTHETICAL REASONING
S P E R M
Social
Political
EconomicReligious
Moral
What are your views about:• Benefit system• Coalition government• Tuition fees• Pope’s visit to the UK• Equal opportunities
REEACCH
REASON
EVIDENCE
EXAMPLE
ASSUMPTION
CONCLUSION
COUNTER ASSERTION/ARGUMENT
HYPOTHETICAL REASONING
Argument Elements for Paper 1
Argument element
Definition Indicator words
a case that shows this
because EvidenceHypothetical Reasoning
should
A claim/reason given in an
argument that would support an
opponent’s argument
(normally to then discredit it).
but Example if since
A specific instance which is
used to illustrate/support a claim/reason.
but
Factual statements or data that are
used to develop or support a
reason.
must supported by
A statement that aims to persuade
the reader to accept a
conclusion.
Conclusion for example on the other hand the fact that
A statement that the author wishes
the reader to accept based on
the reasoning given.
consequence for instance on the other hand then
An “if …then…” type of statement which looks at the consequence that
might occur if something were
the case
Counter-Argument
however proven by therefore
as Counter-Assertion however Reason
This is where an argument is given
that would support the opponent’s
argument with counter-reason(s)
and a counter-conclusion
Separate the boxes at the bottom into the 3 categories shown at the top.
Argument element
Definition Indicator words
ConclusionA statement that the author wishes the reader to accept based on the
reasoning given. should must therefore
ReasonA statement that aims to persuade the reader to accept a conclusion.
because since as
Counter-Assertion
A claim/reason given in an argument that would support an
opponent’s argument (normally to then discredit it).
on the other hand
however but
Counter-Argument
This is where an argument is given that would support the opponent’s argument with counter-reason(s)
and a counter-conclusion
on the other hand
however but
EvidenceFactual statements or data that are
used to develop or support a reason.
proven bysupported
by the fact that
ExampleA specific instance which is used to illustrate/support a claim/reason.
for instancefor
examplea case that shows this
Hypothetical
Reasoning
An “if …then…” type of statement which looks at the consequence
that might occur if something were the case
if then consequence
Check, mark,
correct!
Stretch and challengeWhat other argument indicator words can you think
of?
1. Benefit system2. Coalition government3. Tuition fees4. Pope’s visit to the UK5. Equal opportunities
GeneratingReasons andArguments
Social
Political
EconomicReligious
Moral
What other topics would you like us to create arguments on? Try to use the SPERM categories to help you generate ideas and reasons.
For each argument element, underline the argument indicator words.
Topic areaWorked Example
Jaffa Cakes
Conclusion Jaffa cakes are biscuits not cakes.
Reason This is because you will always find them in the biscuit aisle of the supermarket.
Evidence or example For instance, Sainsbury's puts them next to Custard Creams and Rich Tea biscuits.
ReasonAlso, you can dunk them into your tea easily, (whereas it would be really difficult to do
with an actual cake).
Hypothetical Reasoning
If they were cakes, they would be difficult to dunk.
Counter (Assertion or Argument)
However, some people would say that you cannot argue with the name.
Evidence or example for the counter
To evidence this, they point out the name - they are called Jaffa Cakes, not Jaffa Biscuits.
Argument indicator words - underlined
Topic areaWorked Example
Jaffa Cakes
Conclusion Jaffa cakes are biscuits not cakes.
ReasonThis is because you will always find them in the biscuit aisle of the
supermarket.
Evidence or exampleFor instance, Sainsbury's puts them next to Custard Creams and Rich Tea
biscuits.
ReasonAlso, you can dunk them into your tea easily, (whereas it would be really
difficult to do with an actual cake).
Hypothetical Reasoning If they were cakes, they would be difficult to dunk.
Counter (Assertion or Argument) However, some people would say that you cannot argue with the name.
Evidence or example for the counter
To evidence this, they point out the name - they are called Jaffa Cakes, not Jaffa Biscuits.
Now your turn – 3 argumentsHighlight the argument indicator words
Topic area Worked ExampleJaffa Cakes
Conclusion
Jaffa cakes are biscuits not
cakes.
Reason
This is because you will always find them in the biscuit aisle of
the supermarket.
Evidence or
example
For instance, Sainsbury's puts
them next to Custard Creams
and Rich Tea biscuits.
Reason
Also, you can dunk them into your tea easily,
(whereas it would be really difficult to do with an actual
cake).
Hypothetical
Reasoning
If they were cakes, they
would be difficult to dunk.
Counter (Assertion
or Argument
)
However, some people would say that you cannot argue with the
name.
Evidence or
example for the counter
To evidence this, they point out
the name - they are called Jaffa Cakes, not Jaffa
Biscuits.
1. Benefit system
2. Coalition government
3. Tuition fees
4. Pope’s visit to the UK
5. Equal opportunities
S P E R M
Assumptions
• An assumption is part of an argument that is NOT MENTIONED or STATED, but is needed in order for the argument to work – for it to make proper sense.
• An assumption is part of the structure of an argument. Assumptions are a missing step in the argument, a missing reason that the argument needs in order to support the conclusion.
• Always remember that assumptions are not stated in the passage.
Sarah had better watch out. There’s a lion behind her.
1. What is the conclusion?2. What is the reason?3. Think of as many assumptions as
possible.
Sarah is not a lion
The lion could harm her
The lion is dangerous
Sarah cannot defend herself
The lion is not a toy
The lion is significantly near.
The lion is alive
Assumptions
• Common mistake no. 1.• A very common mistake is finding statements that are
not in the passage, but not assumptions that are needed by the argument.
• Common mistake no. 2.• Quite often students form assumptions that seem not be
in the argument at first sight, but on closer inspection are in the argument and do not fit our criteria of being a missing part of the argument.
• Common mistake no. 3.• Statements that clarify understanding of terms or
definitions may well help an argument, but are not assumptions.
Assumptions Two common mistakes in phrasing assumptions are:• Making an assumption too strong• Making an assumption to vague or weak Strategies for checking assumptions - Thinking
about the ‘reverse’.• One very useful way of checking whether an
assumption is needed is to use the ‘reverse test’. This means thinking about the exact opposite of the assumption that you have formed and seeing what impact it has on the argument – asking yourself if the argument would work with the assumption reversed. If you have the right assumption, the exact reverse should mean that the argument does not work.
Separate the boxes at the bottom into the 3 categories shown at the top.
CONCLUSIONS REASONS ASSUMPTIONS
Exams are a source of stress.Assumes that cannabis has a significant effect on health.
That X Factor contestant is at the top of his profession.
Football is pointless.Assumes that stress is a bad
thing.
That X Factor contestant should encourage young
singers.
For something to avoid being pointless, it should make a
person's life better.
At GCSE, girls always out-perform the boys.
The burglars did not get into the property another way.
GCSE grades indicate intelligence.
Because K was standing next to S's body with a knife in
her hand.
The door must have been left open.
I should not be fined for speeding.
Because people at the top of their profession should do some good for those just
starting out.
The number of exams a young person has to take
should be reduced.
I was following the SATNAV's directions.
Because the burglars were found inside and the door
had not been broken.
The SATNAV told me to go at 30 mph.
It does not make people's lives any better.
Because women find men with deep voices attractive.
There are no other conditions women need to
find a man attractive.
It usually rains on that day.Boys must be less intelligent
than girls.You can 'dunk' a jaffa cake
into your cup of tea.
Jaffa cakes are not cakes, they are biscuits.
Cannabis should be reclassified as a Class A
drug.
You have a deep voice, so women will find you
attractive.
K is not a Crime Scene Investigator.
Class A drugs significantly affect a person’s physical
and mental health.
You should take your umbrella with you tomorrow.
K must have killed S.Dunk-ability shows that something is a biscuit.
You will be going outside.
Check, mark,
correct!
Stretch and challengeCan you think of another assumption for each?
CONCLUSIONS REASONS ASSUMPTIONS
That X Factor contestant should encourage young singers.
Because people at the top of their profession should do some good for those just starting out.
That X Factor contestant is at the top of his profession.
You have a deep voice, so women will find you attractive.
Because women find men with deep voices attractive.
There are no other conditions women need to find a man
attractive.
K must have killed S.Because K was standing next to
S's body with a knife in her hand.
K is not a Crime Scene Investigator.
Cannabis should be reclassified as a Class A drug.
Class A drugs significantly affect a person’s physical and
mental health.
Assumes that cannabis has a significant effect on health.
You should take your umbrella with you tomorrow.
It usually rains on that day. You will be going outside.
The door must have been left open.
Because the burglars were found inside and the door had
not been broken.
The burglars did not get into the property another way.
The number of exams a young person has to take should be
reduced.Exams are a source of stress.
Assumes that stress is a bad thing.
Boys must be less intelligent than girls.
At GCSE, girls always out-perform the boys.
GCSE grades indicate intelligence.
I should not be fined for speeding.
The SATNAV told me to go at 30 mph.
I was following the SATNAV's directions.
Football is pointless.It does not make people's lives
any better.
For something to avoid being pointless, it should make a
person's life better.
Jaffa cakes are not cakes, they are biscuits.
You can 'dunk' a jaffa cake into your cup of tea.
Dunk-ability shows that something is a biscuit.
Learning OutcomesA01 – to identify REEACCH in
argumentsA02 – to evaluate assumptions
made in argumentsA03 – to utilise the indicator
words in own arguments
REEACCH
REASON
EVIDENCE
EXAMPLE
ASSUMPTION
CONCLUSION
COUNTER ASSERTION/ARGUMENT
HYPOTHETICAL REASONING
S P E R M
Social
Political
EconomicReligious
Moral
What are your views about:• Benefit system• Coalition government• Tuition fees• Pope’s visit to the UK• Equal opportunities