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Arnold Bregt
From GIS-application to geo-knowledge infrastructure
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Two Developments
Two from data to knowledge
From vertical to horizontal information systems
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Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
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Framework
Vertical Horizontal
Data
Information
Knowledge
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Framework
Vertical Horizontal
Data Geo-data
Information
Knowledge
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Geo-data Collected with
geographical phenomena in mind
e.g. water, soil, topography
One responsible organization
From 1960 conversion from analog to digital
In NL government 25 000 geo-datasets
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Framework
Vertical Horizontal
Data Geo-data
Information Geographical information system (GIS)
Knowledge
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Geographical Information systems (GIS) GIS applications for a
specific problem or question
Started around 1980 Special software (e.g.
Esri) Applied within one org. Development and
maintenance of applications expensive
Problem: changing questions
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Framework
Vertical Horizontal
Data Geo-data
Information Geographical information system (GIS)
Knowledge Spatial Decision Support system (SDSS)
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Spatial decision support systems
Started around 1990 Data, processing and
knowledge Data integration and for
specific domains
Problems: not really used by decision makers
Decision making is complex
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condition
suitability
scenario
quality
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Framework
Vertical Horizontal
Data Geo-data Spatial Information Infrastructure (SDI)
Information Geographical information system (GIS)
Knowledge Spatial Decision Support system (SDSS)
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Spatial data infrastructure
Started around 1991(Canada) Clinton order in 1994 The same data for many applications
(horizontal) GI becomes a policy and organization issue Standards are crucial (ISO, OGC, W3C)
Problem very data driven
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Definitions of SDI
Utility view: SDI is a network facility for accessing and sharing spatial data.
Component view: spatial data, standards, policies and service technology and institutional framework
Utility and goal: a network facility for advancing knowledge in a given context through accessing and sharing spatial data
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3-D BaseMap
(Cache)
2-D Base Map
(Cache)
Open Web
Services
TrackingServices
GIS DataData
Streams
Browser
Catalog Services
Catalog
Mobile
Desktop GIS
Geo-processing
Services • Search• Channels • Link Browser
Map• Download:• ArcGIS Explorer• Toolbar for ArcMap• …• Collaboration
Web Services Platform
2-D &* 3-DDesktop Viewers
Enterprise GeoPortal Data Warehouse
GeoPortal
Client Applications
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Access Network Component
0102030405060708090
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
# cl
eari
ngho
uses
# nationalclearinghousesimplementedCumulative
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Which countries are involved?
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ASDD GeoInsight Portal
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Framework
Vertical Horizontal
Data Geo-data Spatial Information Infrastructure (SDI)
Information Geographical information system (GIS)
Geo-information Infrastructure (GII)
Knowledge Spatial Decision Support system (SDSS)
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Move from data to services
User oriented Started 2002 View services, but
others identified Some organizations are
also implementing (RWS)
Called “second generation infrastructures”
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Current INSPIRE Geoportal
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Framework
Vertical Horizontal
Data Geo-data Spatial Information Infrastructure (SDI)
Information Geographical information system (GIS)
Geo-information Infrastructure (GII)
Knowledge Spatial Decision Support system (SDSS)
Geo-knowledge Infrastructure (GKI)
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Geo-knowledge infrastructure Still on the drawing
board!
Technical component: Knowledge components for certain functions (knowledge agents)
Human component: training experience, collaboration experiments
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End-user
WMS
Single Service
WMS
WFS
Multiple ServiceSame Data
CoordTrans.
Service OnlyNo Data
FTP
Data OnlyNo Service
Catalog
CatalogService
InventoryAccess
http://ceos.org100,50,2300,75.4X=56
Directory
Inventory
LargeData System
i n t e r n e t
Knowledge Services
Knowledge Services
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Thank you !
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