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ART 1900-1945-ish
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1905
EINSTEIN – Relativity
FREUD – General Theory
The sub-conscious – the ultimate challenge to The Enlightenment
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Modernism
• emphasis on materials or expression instead of illusion
• a notion of progress & evolution. “Make it new.“ – poet Ezra Pound
A hyper-acute awareness of the historical moment
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TRENDS
ABSTRACTION
FLATTENING OF PICTORAL SPACE
PRIMITIVISM
EXPRESSIONISM
CUBISM
SURREALISM
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PicassoLes
Demoiselle d’Avignon
1907
CUBISM
PRIMITIVISM
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Picasso, Guernica
detail
CUBISM
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Braque, The Portuguese,
1911
CUBISM
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Braque, GeorgesGlass, Carafe and Newspapers1914Pasted papers, chalk and charcoal on cardboard (24 5/8 x 11 1/4 in.)
SYNTHETIC
CUBISM
COLLAGE
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Boccioni,Unique Forms of
Continuity in Space,1913
Bronze43 7/8 x 34 7/8 x 15 ¾ ins.
FUTURISM
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DuchampNude descending a staircase,
1912
Not just to paint something moving, but the idea of something moving
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Nolde, Dance Around the Golden Calf, 1910
PRIMITIVISM
EXPRESSIONISM
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Matisse,Seated Riffian,
1912-13
EXPRESSIONISM
FAUVISM
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Matisse, The Dance II, 1909-10
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Franz Marc, Fighting Forms
EXPRESSIONISM
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EXPRESSIONISM
Marc, FranzBlue Horse I (Blaues Pferd I)1911Oil on canvas112.5 x 84.5 cm
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Schiele, EgonSeated Girl1911Watercolor and pencil48 x 31.5 cm
EXPRESSIONISM
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Schiele, EgonAgony1912Oil on canvas70 x 80 cm
EXPRESSIONISM
NOTE HOW COLOR &
LINE CONNECT
(AND CONFUSE)
BACKGROUND &
FOREGROUND
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Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931
Surrealism
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Meret Oppenheim, Fur covered cup, saucer, and spoon, 1936 (a.k.a. The
Object)
Surrealism . . . or furrealism?
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Duchamp,La Boite en
Valide (L.H.O.O.Q.),
1919
DADA
“appropriation”
Surrealism
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Duchamp – readymades: anti-art
Painting is "washed up," Duchamp said in 1912.
Fountain, 1917
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Duchamp – readymades: anti-art
One important characteristic was the short sentence which I occasionally inscribed on the "Readymade." That sentence instead of describing the object like a title was meant to carry the mind of the spectator towards other regions more verbal. - 1961
In Advance of a Broken Arm, 1915
Surrealism
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The only thing that is not art is inattention. – Duchamp
A new difficulty: ONTOLOGICAL – Is it art? Why?
(Previous difficulties: modal, contingent, tactical)
Magritte
The Treason of Images
1928
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ABSTRACTION
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Mondrian
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Mondrian
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Mondrian
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The Cubists retained the three-dimensional space . . . their way of seeing remains deeply materialistic; my thinking on abstraction, on the other hand, rests on the belief that such a space must be destroyed; to achieve the destruction of the object I have reached the point of using surfaces.
-- Mondrian
Objective: Destroy the Object
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Why? A universal language
We want concrete not abstract painting, for nothing is more concrete, more real than a line, a color, a surface. Once they are liberated . . . they are on their way towards the real goal of art: to create a universal language.
-- Theo Van Doesburg
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Mondrian – 1940s
BROADWAY BOOGIE WOOGIE, 1942-43
50 X 50 in.
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Modernism in Architecture:the International Style
• Design from the inside to the outside –
FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION
• Shuns ornamentation
• features materials – glass, steel, concrete
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Gropius – Bauhaus1926
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1950Harvard
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Mies van der Rohe Seagram Building 1957
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Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater, 1936-7
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SUMMARY – Modernism
• emphasis on materials or expression instead of illusion
• a notion of progress & evolutionpoet Ezra Pound: “Make it new." results in lots of “isms”
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TRENDS
ABSTRACTION (ravel)
FLATTENING OF PICTORAL SPACE
PRIMITIVISM (stravinksy)
EXPRESSIONISM (debussy)
CUBISM (schoenberg)
SURREALISM (schoenberg, berg)
MONDRIAN
PICASSO
PICASSO
NOLDE
DUCHAMP
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Musical Trends
- Decreasing focus on structure and form over content.
- Expressionism, romanticism in Music, followed by…
- A Throwing-Off of traditional tonalities and practices entirely.
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Ravel:Mother Goose
• Direct representations, reassertions of content over form
• Using new instrumental techniques, impressionism (listen for bird chirping noises, string harmonics)
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Debussy:Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
• Absence of form, musical impressionism
• Direct representation, program music
• (Caused a riot in the Paris Opera House, 189-)
• Abandonment of major/minor scales, using whole tone and chromatic scales
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AN ABANDONMENT OF TONALITY:Stravinsky:
The Rite of Spring• Primitivism, based on the sacrificial killing
rituals of ancient cultures.
• Absence of tonal center, structure based on major and minor scales.
• Launches movement against tonality
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Reassertion of TonalitySamuel Barber:
Adagio for Strings• When it was passe to be a tonal composer,
Barber stuck to tonality and was called backwards thinking.
• Platoon theme song, eh?
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Music or Mathematics?Schoenberg:
Piano Concerto• 12 tone row: All 12 notes in tonality, never
repeated.
• Grid mathematics: retrograde, inverse, inverse retrograde of original themes as both melody and harmony
• Music or mathematics?
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Mondrian – 1940s
BROADWAY BOOGIE WOOGIE, 1942-43
50 X 50 in.
ABSTRACTION
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PicassoLes
Demoiselle d’Avignon
1907
CUBISM
PRIMITIVISM
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Nolde, Dance Around the Golden Calf, 1910
PRIMITIVISM
EXPRESSIONISM
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Duchamp,La Boite en
Valide (L.H.O.O.Q.),
1919
DADA
“appropriation”
conceptual
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Gropius – Bauhaus1926
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Modernism – Romanticism
intensified?Folk interest/exoticism primitivism
Demons Subconscious? (inner demons)
Artist as prophet Artist as prophet
Artist as outsider/rebel Artist as outsider/rebel
Nature NO
What is new? What is New? Historicism?