Download - Ascites in domestic animals
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TOPIC:ASCITES
PREPARED BY:-PRABHU KUMAR M DHVK 1225Veterinary college , Hassan
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AscitesAccumulation of non-inflammatory fluid in
the peritoneal cavity characterized by bilateral distension of lower abdomen and positive fluid waves.
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AetiologyPrimary causes:-• Fall in osmotic pressure of blood • Obstruction of lymphatic vessels • Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
may be due to cardiac insufficiency ,congestive heart failure and passive congestion
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Important aetiological factors•Renal retention of sodium – Renal insufficiency and liver damage.•Hypoproteinaemia – Protein deficiency diet Lower protein synthesis in liver damage Loss of protein in heavy parasitic
infections like haemonchosis , strongylosis.
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Other important aetiological factors
Portal hypertension or lymphatic stasis• In hepatic fibrosis, right side CHF,
tricuspid valve defects.• Pressure on portal vein, posterior venacava
, posterior vein and large abdominal lymph vessels by abscesses, cyst, tumours etc.,
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Pathogenesis Venous stasis
Venous hypertensionRelease of fluid
Accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity
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Hypoproteinaemia
Plasma colloidal osmotic pressure is decreased
Increase in hydrostatic pressure
Fluid escaped from circulation
Accumulated in body cavity
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Liver Cirrhosis or Renal damage
Less kidney perfusion
Release of Rennin from kidney
Which act on angiotensin
Release of Aldosterone
Retention of more sodium in circulation
Ascites
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Clinical findings•Abdomen circumference -increased
•Bilateral distension of lower abdomen- ‘Pear shaped appearance’
•Linea alba-distended downward•Flank region-hollowness with prominent spines
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•If animal body position is altered fluid occupies most dependent part of peritoneal cavity causing bulging at that point
•Reduction in tone of abdominal muscles
•Dyspnoea, Constipation, inappetance ,concomittant anaemia, occasional tympany
•Palpation-undulating movement of fluid
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•Dogs and Cats:-Distension may reach up to costal margins
and lower abdominal border may touch ground suface
Barrel shape-excessive distension
• Sheep and goat:-Umbilicus - bulged outwardsTactile percussion-fluid thrill or fluid waves
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Subsequently animal shows•Weakness , sunken eyes• Increased respiration and heart rate• Lie down as they have little tendency to walk•Engorged and prominently visible blood vessels in abdominal area•Death -Primary cause or cachectic effects of generalised oedema
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Necropsy findings•Large amount of fluid in body cavity•Adhesions in long standing cases•Pressure on visceral organs also seen
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Diagnosis •History:- hypoproteinaemia•Clinical signs:- liver cirrhosis•Radiological examination:-Hazy Opaque abdominal cavity- ground glass
appearanceAbdominal organs may not be visible due to
presence of fluid having high specific gravity
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•Ultrasonography :-Ascitic fluid may be identified
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•Abdominal paracentesis :-Collect fluid by puncturing on midline by 14-
15 gauze needle
Fluid-clear, watery, straw colored or turbid containing fibrin, RBCs and WBCs.
Protein content below 3.5 g/dl and Specific gravity less than 1.016
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If milky- presence of lecithinIf turbid -presence of large no. Of cellsGreenish yellow-presence of bile due to as a
result of extravasation.Reddish- presence of erythrocytesInflammatory- If >500 total nucleated cells/ml of fluid in
small animalsIf >9000cells/ml in large animalsPresence of macrophagesIn haemorrhages- PCV15-20% And Fluid clots due to presence of high prootein
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Differential diagnosis•Hepatomegaly•Splenomegaly•Uterine neoplasm•Urethra obstruction with enlarged bladder -
rectal palpation•Gastric torsion and intestinal obstruction• Fat deposition In al these cases abdominal enlargement
is there but fluid thrills are not felt and no shape alteration.
•Peritonitis- tenderness , high temp , paralytic ileus, escape of exudate in abdominal paracentesis
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Treatment •In hypoproteinaemia associated with parasitic
infectionBroad spectrum antihelminticProtein rich diet-High biological value Sodium free/low conc• For fluid excretionDiuretic therapyFrusemide-0.5-2 ml small animals, 5-10ml in large animals, I/M, once daily for 2-4 days
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•Removal of excessive abdominal fluid-in abdominal discomfort/ respiratory distress
puncture between umbilicus and pubis close to linea alba by 14-15 gauze needle.
never drain completely- shock0.5-2ml adrenaline-cardiac /respiratory failure
• Antibiotics
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