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Biodiversity Goals 2010+ - Transforming the Global Economy to Save Nature
EU Green WeekBrussels, 1 June 2010
Ashok KhoslaChairman, Development AlternativesPresident, IUCN and Club of Rome
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Our One Earth
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Climate Change
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Extinction of Species
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Our One Earth
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Earth in Crisis . . .Crises . .
PovertyPopulationPollution ClimateBiodiversitySocietyFinanceEtc, etc
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Earth in Crisis . . .Crises . .
PovertyPopulationPollution ClimateBiodiversitySocietyFinanceEtc, etc
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Biodiversity trends (IUCN Red List Index)AmphibiansMammalsCorals
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Tiger Tiger Burning Bright
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Now Battling for Survival!Now Battling for Survival!
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Tiger Habitats in India
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Population of Tigers in India
Tiger Census by Government of India
1 0
Estimated Price of Tiger Parts
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Threats to the Tiger
Poaching, Smuggling, Illicit Trade
Poor enforcement, conviction
Disturbance of habitat – Fewer prey, more crops
Open cast mining and quarrying
Man-animal conflict for habitat
Lack of funds for corridors and infrastructure
Poor recruitment/training of forest guards
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King of the Asian Jungle
*The
Tiger’ s
Range
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1900 20001950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2025
100,00 0
Tigers in the Wild – Pan Asia
60,000
45,000
30,00025,000
7,0004,000
2010
2,500
India
World
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Vultures in South Asia
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Vultures 99 % Loss in 10 Years
1995: 40 Million2005: 60,000
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Diclofenac
• 2000 - Dead Vultures Notice• 2003 - Research initiated• 2004 - Cause traced to Diclofenac• 2006 - Diclofenac banned• 2008 - Recovery started
• India, Pakistan, Nepal
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Policies for Biodiversity
General Policies are of Limited Value:
Need specific Policies to address Specific Threats
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Today’s Paradigm: The Global Economy
Source: New Yorker
- stimulate- spend !- buy stuff !!- grow !!!
G20 Leaders Hail Crisis Fightback
Financial Times 2nd April 2009
23
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Silver Bullets . . . turn into Rubber
• More Consumption• More Trade
• More Competitiveness• More Efficiency
• More etc
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Conservation of Living Resources
The Components of Biodiversity
• Species• Habitats
• Ecosystem Processes
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Species
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Habitats
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Ecosystem Processes
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Biogeochemical Cycles
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The Future of Biodiversity
Under Rapidly Changing Conditions of
• Great Economic Stress• Great Social Distress
• Great Environmental Threat
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31
The problem
$$$Money : today‘s Yardstick
Photo: C.Neßhöver, UFZ
Nature‘sInteractions with Humanity
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The Earth
today is in high fever
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Threats to Biodiversity
Many types of “Development” Intervention, including . . .
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Valued by the Rich – the “Biosphere People”
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35Source: Ben ten Brink (MNP) presentation at the Workshop: The Economics of the Global Loss of Biological Diversity 5-6
March 2008, Brussels, Belgium. Original source: Pauly
Open Access & Perverse Subsidies are key drivers of
the loss of fisheries
Half of wild marine fisheries are fully exploited, with a
further quarter already over-exploited
at risk : $ 80-100 billion income from the sector
at risk : est. 27 million jobs
but most important of all…..
at risk : Health … over a billion rely on fish as their main or sole source of animal protein, especially in developing countries.
TEEB : Global Loss of Fisheries…Human Welfare Impact
We are fishing down the food web to ever smaller species…
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Variety
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Recreation and Sports
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“Efficient” Production
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“Efficient” Agriculture
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“Efficient” fishing
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“Efficient”
Urban Systems
and Transport
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Efficiency and Mastery of the Universe
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Bad Land Use Leading to Erosion and Siltation
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Indiscriminate Logging
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Removal of Protective Vegetation
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Runoff of Pesticides, Fertilizer, Sewage and Wastes
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Alien Species
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Endangered Species
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Affluenza(A
Terminal Condition)
Gets Attention
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Ecosystem Services for the Poor –
“Ecosystem People”
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The Daily Trek: Billion Women
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– No Clean Drinking Water
> 1,300 million people
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Denuded Landscapes
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Creating Deserts
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Sub-Saharan Africa’s wood-energy consumption is the highest in the world
Source: Bailis,Ezzati & Kammen, Science (2005)
Primary production of biomass energy in 2000 (1018
Joules)
SSA 10.2
China 8.9
India 8.4
Latin America 3.2
Source: IEA, 2003
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Povertitis(A
Terrible Illness that is
Terminal) often goes
Unnoticed
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Biodiversity
Is FundamentallyValuable in
Its Own Right
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Sustainable Use ?
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In Time, Demands
will exceed Supply
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Policies for Biodiversity
Generally Not Yet Strong or Major Priority for Most
Governments
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Biodiversity
Is HugelyValuable in
Subsidizing the Economy
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Pollination
*
Wild Plants
and
Crops
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Australia: Value of Pollination
Amount: US $ 1.3 Billion
Date: 2000Estimated by: Rural Industries Research
and Development Corp, Govt of Australia
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35 % of human food comes from plants pollinated by wild pollinators
100,000 species of bats, bees,
beetles, birds, and
butterflies – plus flies and
moths -- provide free pollination services
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USA: Value of Pollination
Amount: US $ 5.7 to 8.3 Billion
Value of Crops: US $ 24 Billion
Ref: Ecological Society of America
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Biological Pest Control
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Replacement of Chemical Pesticides Saves Money –
and Lives
2000 Estimate of Replacement Value:
US $ 54 Billion per year.
(Not Including Health Costs Saved)
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Pharmaceuticals
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TraditionalMedicines
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Pharmacy
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40 % of Pharmaceuticals derived from Natural Products.
Including 9 out of Top 10
2003 Sales of Pharmaceuticals:
US $ 480 Billion
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Seed Dispersal
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Nature’s Chemical Factories
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Nature’s Food and Water Factories
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Salicornia
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Natural Reservoirs
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Glaciers for Year Round River Flows
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Wetlands – Balancing Water Cycles
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Welwitschia Mirabilis
Science
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Aesthetic Beauty and Inspiration
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And Many, Many Others
Including:Mitigation of Floods and DroughtStorm ProtectionRegulation of ClimateNurturing BiodiversityRefuge for Migratory SpeciesEtc, etc
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Strong Policies for Biodiversity
Depend on High Level Recognition that BD is
Also a Key to Sustainable Development
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The Art of Setting Goals and Targets
• Ambitious Enough?• Realistic Enough?
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Example: Protected Areas
• Terrestrial: from today’s 12.5% to 15% by 2015• Marine: from today’s 1% to 15 % by 2020
With more detail, eg:• Target 17. At least 50% of the planet protected
through networks of effectively managed protected area systems and/or other means, and integrated into the wider land- and seascape
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Not Like the MDGs !
MDG #7, Target #11 states:
“By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers”.
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And How Many Slums?
According to the Executive Director of UN Habitat, if we continue with BAU:
• 1 Billion in Slums in 2003• 2 Billion in Slums in 2030• 3 Billion in Slums in 2050
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Popu
latio
n in
Slu
ms
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Slum Dwellers and MDG 7 [from UN Habitat Data]
Slum Population "Improved Lives"
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Policy Interventions Needed• National Economy
Incentives for DematerialisationGreen Accounts (include Nature’s Subsidy)Balance Sheet (separate Assets & Income)
• Institutions of GovernanceLocal, Decentralised Decision-MakingCommunity Ownership of ResourcesStrong Regional Participative Planning
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Research Needed
• Research How Much are Eco Services Worth?Who Benefits and Who Pays for them?What Means can Generate Eco-Efficiency?
• DevelopmentSustainable TechnologiesZero Emission Initiatives
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And Action!
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The Five Kingdoms of Nature
*• Animals
• Plants
• Fungi
• Algae
• Bacteria
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The Savannah in Vichada
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Water is abundant 3 months per year but the pH low
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populationsuffers from gastro-intestinal diseasesand soilconsideredBAD
population only 1 per 4 km2
no industryno agriculture
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Savannah Tropical Forest
Biodiversity
SustainableCommunities
Drinking Water
Carbon Sink
Biodiesel
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inspired by Janine Benyus author Biomimicry
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Eastgate in Harare, Zimbabwe
how can we have cool air without aircon?
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Producing drinking watercondensation/evaporation or reverse osmosis
ZERI Foundation at GLOBE Tokyo 29th of June 2008
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how can we have waterwithout any pumps?
Welwitschia mirabilis in the Namib Desert
waterwithout any pumps
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drinking water inspired by Namibian bug
end of reverse osmosis for drinking waterin the Middle East
ZERI Foundation at GLOBE Tokyo 29th of June 2008
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