Download - Atmospheric Moisture
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Atmospheric Moisture
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• Water in the atmosphere can be solid, liquid, or gas.
• Oceans supply most atmospheric moisture.
• Water enters the atmosphere through evapotranspiration and sublimation.
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Energy of Evapotranspiration• Large amounts of energy are required to change liquid
water into water vapor. • The most energetic molecules will leave the liquid during
evaporation.• Temperature of the remaining liquid is somewhat lower
than its surroundings.
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HotWarmCold
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Process of Evaporation
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What factors affect the rate at which water evaporates?
• Temperature
• Surface area of the water
• How saturated the air is
• Wind speed
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What is Humidity?• Humidity: the water vapor in the atmosphere
• Absolute humidity: the amount(mass) of water vapor in each unit volume of air.
• Hotter air can hold MORE water vapor than colder air.
• Relative humidity: tells us “how full” the air is with water
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Relative Humidity and Temperature
• At any given time and place, the air has a certain amount of water vapor (absolute humidity).
• If temperature changes, but amount of water vapor remains the same, the relative humidity will change.
• If temperature stays constant, but more water vapor is added to the air, absolute humidity AND relative humidity will increase.
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Dew Point• Dew Point: the
temperature at which air is filled (saturated) with water vapor.
• If air temperature drops BELOW the dew point, water vapor in the air will condense to liquid water or sublimate into solid water.
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How can we MEASURE relative humidity?
• Sling psychrometer• Hygrometer
• Both use 2 thermometers: wet bulb and dry bulb
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Cloud Formation• A cloud is a collection of
liquid water droplets and/or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere and dense enough to be visible.
• Clouds form when the temperature cools below the dew point
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Licancabur Volcano is located on the border between Chile and Bolivia.
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• If a cloud is on, or just above, Earth’s surface, it is called FOG.
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Cloud Formation• In addition to saturated air, clouds need a
condensation surface.
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Precipitation• Precipitation: the falling
of liquid or solid water from clouds toward the surface of Earth.– Ice crystals or water
droplets must become big enough that they fall due to gravity.
• Rain Gauge: measures liquid precipitation
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Atmospheric Transparency• Atmospheric transparency: how
transparent the atmosphere is to insolation from the Sun.
• Haze: when the atmosphere has a very HIGH aerosol content (cloudless sky does not appear blue)– Smog: a haze that is highly
polluted; usually brownish
• Precipitation can clean the atmosphere
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