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Avoiding Noise Avoiding Noise Overexposure at Overexposure at
Underground and Surface Underground and Surface Coal Mines, Preparation Coal Mines, Preparation
Plants and Surface DrillingPlants and Surface Drilling
Eric R. Bauer, Ph.D., P.E.Eric R. Bauer, Ph.D., P.E.
Mining Hearing Loss Prevention WorkshopMining Hearing Loss Prevention WorkshopJune 21June 21--22, 200522, 2005
Pittsburgh Research Laboratory
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OutlineOutline
•Introduction•Exposure Reduction Methods
•Exposure Reduction Planning
•Exposure Reduction Examples
•Summary
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is the most common occupational illness in the United States
• Workers in mining and surface drilling can be exposed to hazardous noise levels
• Both industries have recognized the importance of controlling overexposures and have taken the initiative to prevent overexposures
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Introduction (con’t)Introduction (con’t)• Cross-Sectional Survey Project has shown
that overexposures (dose > MSHA PEL of 100%) occurred:• 43% of face workers in UG coal mines• 30% in surface coal mines (primarily dragline oiler)• 45% in coal prep plants (primarily plant controls man)
Note: Worker doses/overexposures were measured using MSHA Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) criteria in Part 62:
•A-weighting•90 dB Threshold Level•5 dB Exchange Rate•90 dB Criterion Level•Slow Response•140 dB Upper Limit
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Introduction (con’t)Introduction (con’t)
• NIOSH research of surface drilling operations has shown a significant hearing loss at the 4000 Hz frequency which indicates noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) attributable to noise exposure during drilling operations
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Exposure Reduction MethodsExposure Reduction Methods
Two exposure reduction methodsare:
• Engineering noise controls• Administrative noise controls
And…protection using HPD’s
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Exposure Reduction MethodsExposure Reduction Methods
Engineering noise controls:• Reduce the sound levels of the
equipment or process that reach the worker…
i.e.
“Isolate the noise from the worker”
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Exposure Reduction MethodsExposure Reduction Methods
Administrative noise controls:• Limit the workers exposure to the
noise by removing the worker from the noise source by distance, time, task efficiency, job rotation…
i.e.
“Isolate the worker from the noise”
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Exposure Reduction MethodsExposure Reduction Methods
An engineering noise control reduces the sound level that reaches the worker to
reduce exposure
While
An administrative noise control reduces the time the worker is exposed to the sound
level to reduce exposure
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Engineering or Administrative?Engineering or Administrative?Confusing? CERTAINLY
For instance, a quiet booth is an engineering noise control because the sound level reaching the worker is reduced by a physical barrier between worker and source
But
requiring the worker to spend time in the booth is an administrative noise control because it reduces the time of exposure to the sound level outside the booth
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Engineering or Administrative?Engineering or Administrative?
The bottom line is…
If the control reduces the worker’s exposure, then what it is called is not that important.
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Exposure ReductionExposure Reduction
What does and does not work when attempting to reduce exposures?
• Trial-and-error does not work but a systematic approach does
• “Same old, same old” attitude does not work but “thinking outside the box” does
• Half shift switch out does not work but selective task switching does
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Exposure Reduction PlanningExposure Reduction Planning
Effective implementation of administrative noise controls requires a complete understanding of a workers noise exposure:
1. Full-shift dosimetry2. Task observations of worker3. Comparison of dose to tasks 4. Representative sound level measurements5. Selection/implementation of appropriate
administrative noise control6. Follow-up/Modify as needed
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Exposure Reduction ExamplesExposure Reduction Examples
Examples include:• Belt drive• Quiet booths• Heavy equipment operators at surface mines• Roof bolter operator using spare bolter• Mechanic working near noise source• Dragline oiler• Stageloader operator• Longwall dinner hole• Surface drilling• Job rotation
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Belt Drive UndergroundBelt Drive Underground
Problem:• Belt drives, tail rollers, transfer points are
noisy• Difficult to clean around tail roller because of
float coal dust/rock dust build-up (1 to 2 ft)
Result:• Belt cleaners exposed to noise
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Belt Drive UndergroundBelt Drive Underground
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Belt Drive UndergroundBelt Drive Underground
Solution:• Limit time belt cleaner works near tail roller
How:• Dig out/back the build-up of coal dust/rock
dust so cleaning can be done quicker and easier, thus less time/less exposure
• Complete on an off-shift or monitor worker’s dose if during production shift
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Quiet Booth in Prep PlantQuiet Booth in Prep Plant
Problem:• Noisy floors• Worker required to stay on a certain floor or
certain location
Result:• Worker overexposed to noise
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Quiet Booth in Prep PlantQuiet Booth in Prep Plant
Plant worker’s dose ranged from 104 to 165%
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Quiet Booth in Prep PlantQuiet Booth in Prep Plant
Plant worker’s dose ranged from 147 to 206%
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Quiet Booth in Prep PlantQuiet Booth in Prep Plant
78 dB(A) Inside booth
91 to 93 dB(A) Outside booth
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Quiet Booth in Prep PlantQuiet Booth in Prep Plant
Solution(s):• (First example) Complete construction of the
quiet booth (well insulated, appropriate heat and air conditioning, remote monitoring, creature comforts) for worker to go to when not inspecting, adjusting, or cleaning equipment
• (Second example) Provide small booth simply for worker to sit in while loading house coal
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Heavy Equipment OperatorsHeavy Equipment Operators
Problem:• Noisy engines and operation
Result:• Overexposure of operator
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Heavy Equipment OperatorsHeavy Equipment Operators
Truck A – Outside dose: 111%Inside dose (operator): 12%
Truck B – Outside dose: 396%Inside dose (operator): 98%
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Heavy Equipment OperatorsHeavy Equipment Operators
Solution(s):• Take truck out of service, operator use
different truck• Repair noisy equipment• Provide acoustically treated cab• Instruct operator to keep doors and windows
closed
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Operating Spare BolterOperating Spare Bolter
Problem:• Noisy spare roof bolting machine on CM section
Result:• High rate of dose accumulation for roof bolting
machine operator• For shift (including spare bolter operation):
230% total dose in 630 min (0.37%/min)• Spare bolter operation: 145% dose in 140 min
(1.04%/min)
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
50
100
150
200
250
TIME, hrs
CU
MU
LATI
VE
DO
SE, p
erce
nt
PEL-90dB
Lunch
Bolting with spare RBM
Bolting with main RBM
Tramming RBM
High noise accumulation
Duration of exposure
Percent exposure
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Operating Spare BolterOperating Spare Bolter
Solution(s):• Limit operation of spare roof bolting machine• Replace spare roof bolting machine• Fix/quiet spare roof bolting machine
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Working Near Noise SourcesWorking Near Noise Sources
Problem:• Mechanic/Electrician working near auxiliary
fans (splicing a roof bolting machine trailing cable)
Result:• Mechanic/Electrician experiencing exposure to
high noise levels
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Splicing trailing cable near auxiliary fans
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
TIME, hr
CU
MU
LATI
VE D
OSE
, per
cent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dose: 115%
Time: 75 min
MSHA PEL 90 dBA
App. 1.5 %/min
App. O.1%/min
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Working Near Noise SourcesWorking Near Noise Sources
X
Face
Cable
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Working Near Noise SourcesWorking Near Noise Sources
Solution(s):• Drag trailing cable away from fans• Faster cable splicing methods• Provide a barrier/shield• Don’t work, rest, stand, converse near known
loud noise sources• Training of workers to recognize noise sources
and potential sources of exposure and how to avoid them
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Dragline Dragline OilerOiler
Problem:• House of dragline noisy
Result:• Dragline oiler accumulating significant noise
exposure while working in house of dragline
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Marion 8750 DraglineMarion 8750 Dragline
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
50
100
150
200
TIME, hrs
CU
MU
LATI
VE D
OSE
, per
cent
In cab
Safety checks in house
Cleaning mostly in rev. frame
In cab
In house, sweeping, using comp. airIn cab
Walking
MSHA PEL 90 dBA
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Dragline Dragline OilerOiler
Solution(s):• Limit dragline oilers time working in house• Switch out oiler with dragline operator or
groundsman (dozer operator)• Perform maintenance, cleaning, etc. on off
shifts or when dragline is down for routine maintenance or repairs
• Oiler must insert/employ hearing protection prior to entering house
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LongwallLongwall StageloaderStageloader OperatorOperator
Problem:• Stageloader noisy around head drive, crusher,
and especially tail piece
Result:• Stageloader operator accumulating significant
noise exposure while working around stageloader, especially when near discharge
• Measured doses up to 386%
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LongwallLongwall StageloaderStageloader OperatorOperator
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LongwallLongwall StageloaderStageloader OperatorOperator
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
TIME OF SHIFT, hr
CU
MU
LATI
VE D
OSE
, per
cent
MSHA PEL, 90 dBA
Belt off
Lunch in dinnerhole
Mantrip out
Mantrip in
Note: Shearer and belt off 8:10 to 11:05 am
Mostly at discharge & along belt
At controls along belt, outby discharge
Mostly at discharge
Along belt and at discharge
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LongwallLongwall StageloaderStageloader OperatorOperator
Solution(s):• Limit stageloader operator’s time working near
discharge• Locate controls and monitors away from
stageloader• Provide sound-proof booth for stageloader
operator
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LongwallLongwall Dinner HoleDinner Hole
Problem:• Dinner hole (picnic table) located in crosscut
adjacent to stageloader (located to remain out of airflow and close to face)
• Measured noise levels approaching 90 dB(A)
Result:• Longwall workers exposed to noise while eating
lunch
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LongwallLongwall Dinner HoleDinner Hole
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LongwallLongwall Dinner HoleDinner Hole
Solution(s):• Locate dinner hole in track entry (use brattice
cloth to block airflow)• Locate dinner hole in crosscut as far from
stageloader as possible• Locate dinner hole where noise levels are 85
dB(A) or less
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Surface DrillingSurface Drilling
Problem:• Surface drills are noisy while drilling
Result:• Driller and helper experiencing high noise
exposures from drilling noise
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Surface DrillingSurface Drilling
Rubber Tired
Track Mounted
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
9:36
:58
AM
9:44
:08
AM
9:51
:18
AM
9:58
:28
AM
10:0
5:38
AM
10:1
2:48
AM
10:1
9:58
AM
10:2
7:08
AM
10:3
4:18
AM
10:4
1:28
AM
10:4
8:38
AM
10:5
5:48
AM
11:0
2:58
AM
11:1
0:08
AM
11:1
7:18
AM
11:2
4:28
AM
11:3
1:38
AM
11:3
8:48
AM
11:4
5:58
AM
11:5
3:08
AM
12:0
0:18
PM
12:0
7:28
PM
12:1
4:38
PM
12:2
1:48
PM
12:2
8:58
PM
12:3
6:08
PM
12:4
3:18
PM
12:5
0:28
PM
12:5
7:38
PM
1:04
:48
PM
1:11
:58
PM
1:19
:08
PM
1:26
:18
PM
Surface Drilling Dosimeter DataSurface Drilling Dosimeter Data
Time (10 Seconds) 9:36AM – 12:53 PM
Decibels
(dB(A))
90 dB(A)
Rig Shut Down
Hammering Casing
Drilling
Flushing Hole
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Surface DrillingSurface Drilling
Solution(s):• Locate helper in quiet zones• If cab is installed, instruct driller to keep
windows and doors closed.• Relocate driller away from rig when possible• Instruct driller/helper to avoid loud noise areas
(compressor, fan, engine, dust collector, exhaust)
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Job RotationJob Rotation
Problem:• Sound levels vary depending on occupation,
equipment operated, worker location, task, etc.
Result:• Workers experience different levels of exposure
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Job RotationJob Rotation
Solution(s):• Selective rotation based on dose/observations• Switch out high exposure occupations with
lower exposure occupations
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Job RotationJob Rotation
13-192Shieldman36-386Stageloader Oper.
17-57Center Bolter Oper.9-275M/B RB Oper.
0-6314-130
Dragline Oper.Groundsman
46-318Dragline Oiler
13-192Shieldman33-266Head Shearer Oper.
33-26613-192
Head Shearer Oper.Shieldman
22-785Tail Shearer Oper.
33-1656-297
Shuttle Car Oper.Laborer/Utility
57-355RBM Oper.
25-81LM Oper.45-323M/B Oper.
33-1656-297
Shuttle Car Oper.Laborer/Utility
44-347CM Oper.
Range MSHA PEL Dose, %
OccupationRange MSHA PEL Dose, %
Occupation
Rotate ToRotate From
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Notes on Exposure ReductionNotes on Exposure Reduction
First… Success of any exposure reduction is contingent on working at lower sound levels
Second… Any exposure reduction must not introduce additional health or safety hazards
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SummarySummary
To avoid overexposure:• Use a systematic approach• Employ innovative solutions• Involve workers in the process• Conduct noise awareness training• Proper use of HPD’s
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For more informationFor more information
Eric Bauer
NIOSH Pittsburgh Research LaboratoryNIOSH Pittsburgh Research LaboratoryPhone: 412Phone: 412--386386--6518 Fax: 4126518 Fax: 412--386386--48654865
[email protected]@cdc.govwww.cdc.gov/niosh/miningwww.cdc.gov/niosh/mining
Pittsburgh Research Laboratory