Micro and macronutrients (B.5.1)
Micronutrientsrequired in very small amounts by the body (<0.005% body weight) (mg or g)
vitamins iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium, cobalt and manganesemany are cofactors (essential non-protein component of enzymes) in enzymes
Macronutrientschemical substances that are required in relatively large amounts (>0.005% body weight)
proteins, carbohydrates, fatssodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine
Vitamins (B.5.3)
all are micronutrientssoluble in… (remember “like dissolves like”)
waterhave many polar functional groups
vitamins B and Cfat (insoluble in water)
mostly non-polar hydrocarbon chains or ringscan accumulate in fatty tissue
vitamins A, D, E, and K
Vitamin A (retinol)insoluble in water (soluble in fat)
only one “spot” where hydrogen bonding can occur with water
Vitamin B soluble in watermany polar –OH groups, O, NH…lots of places for hydrogen bonding to occur
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)soluble in water
many polar –OH groups and C-O bondslots of places for hydrogen bonding to occur
Vitamin D (calciferol)insoluble in water
only one place for hydrogen bonding
This is NOT nearly enough to make the entire molecule polar
Vitamin Kinsoluble in water
only two “spots” (not enough) where hydrogen bonding can occur with water
Compare the structures of vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin D (B.5.3)
Vitamin A
Vitamin D Vitamin C
Causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies and suggest solutions (B.5.4)
Deficiency Effect
iron anemia (insufficient O2 transported)
iodine goiter (enlarged thyroid)
vitamin C scurvy (bleeding lesions, rotten gums)
vitamin D rickets (softening of the bones)
protein marasmus (growth retardation and wasting) and Kwasiorkor
= micronutrients= micronutrients
Solutions?providing food rations composed of vitamin and mineral enriched foodsadding nutrients to commonly consumed foodsgenetic modified food
providing nutritional supplements