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4.1.1. Tabel Pengamatan
4.1.1.1. Panjang tabung pendek (l) = 10cm
No. M gula(gram)
V aquades
(ml)
C larutan(gr/ml)
Φ1
(o)Φ2
(o)Φ
(Φ2- Φ1)
Φ(rata-rata)
1 Aquades 50174.2175.2174.1
4.34.22
169.8170.9172.1
170.9
2 1 50 0.02177.7178.2179.2
9.96.24.6
167.8172
174.6171.5
3 2 50 0.048.210.99.05
179179
179.1
170.8168.2170.1
169.7
4 3 50 0.063.23.33.1
11.6512.110.75
8.68.87.7
8.4
4.1.1.2. Panjang tabung panjang (l) = cm
No. M gula(gram)
V aquades
(ml)
C larutan(gr/ml)
Φ1
(o)Φ2
(o)Φ
(Φ2- Φ1)
Φ(rata-rata)
1 Aquades 50 04.13.854.7
176.5176.1176.2
172.4172.3171.5
172.4
2 1 50 0.023.29.97.9
8.2177.2178.7
5167.3170.8
114.4
3 2 50 0.04167.96.6
8.816.814.8
7.28.98.2
8.1
4 3 50 0.066.27.757.1
16.317.5517.7
10.19.810.6
10.2
4.1.2. Perhitungan
4.1.2.1. Panjang tabung pendek (l) = 10 cm
a. Aquades
Percobaan I
Φ1= 174 + (1x0.1)=174.1 o
Φ2= 4 + (3x0.1)=4.3o
Φ =Φ2- Φ1= (174.1o –4.3o)=169.8 o
Percobaan II
Φ1= 175 + (1.5x0.1)= 175.2o
Φ2= 4 + (2x0.1)=4.2. o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (175.2o –4.2o)=170.9o
Percobaan III
Φ1= 174 + (1x0.1)=174.1 o
Φ2= 2 + (0x0.1)=2o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (174.1o –2o)=172.1o
Φ (rata-rata ) =
= 169.8o+170.9o+172.1o
3
= 512.8o
3= 170.9o
b. Massa gula 1 gram
PercobaanI
Φ1=177+ (7x0.1)=177.7o
Φ2= 9 + (9x0.1)=9.9o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (177.7o –9.9o)=167.8o
Percobaan II
Φ1=178+ (2x0.1)=178.2o
Φ2= 6 + (2x0.1)=6.2o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (178.2o –6.2o)= 172o
Percobaan III
Φ1= 4+ (6x0.1)=4.6o
Φ2=179+ (2x0.1)=179.2o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (178.2o –6.2o)=174.6o
Φ (rata-rata ) =
= 167.8o+172o+174.6o
3
= 514.4o
3
= 171.5o
c. Massa gula 2gram
Percobaan I
Φ1=8+ (2x0.1)=8.2o
Φ2=179 + (0x0.1)=179o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (179o –8.2o)=170.8o
Percobaan II
Φ1=10+ (8.5x0.1)=10.9o
Φ2=178.5+ (5x0.1)=179o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (179o –8.2o)=168.2o
Percobaan III
Φ1=8.5+ (5.5x0.1)=9.05o
Φ2=179 + (1x0.1)=179. 1o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (179o –9.05o)=170.1o
Φ (rata-rata ) =
= 170.8o+168.2o+170.1o
3
= 509.1o
3
= 169.7o
d. Massa Gula 3gram
Percobaan I
Φ1=3+ (2x0.1)=3.2 o
Φ2=11+ (6.5x0.1)=11.65 o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (11.65o –3.2o)=8.5 o
Percobaan II
Φ1=3+ (3x0.1)=3.3o
Φ2=11.5+ (6x0.1)=13.1o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (12.1o –3.3o)=8.8o
Percobaan III
Φ1=3+ (1x0.1)=3.1o
Φ2=10.5+ (2.5x0.1)=10.75o
Φ = Φ2- Φ1= (10.75o –3.1o)=7.7o
Φ (rata-rata ) =
= 8.5o+8.8o+7.7o
3
= 25o
3
= 8.3o
4.1.2.2. Panjang tabung panjang (L) = cm
a. Aquades
Percobaan I
Ф1= 4 + (1 × 0.1 ) = 4.1°
Ф2= 176 + ( 5 × 0.1 ) = 176.5°
Ф = (Ф2 - Ф1 ) = (176.5° - 4.1° ) = 172.5°
Percobaan II
Ф1= 3 + ( 8.5 × 0.1 ) = 3.85°
Ф2= 176 + ( 1 × 0.1 ) = 176.1°
Ф= (Ф2 - Ф1 ¿ = ( 176.1° - 3.85° ) = 172.3°
Percobaan III
Ф1= 4 + ( 7 × 0.1 ) = 4.7°
Ф2= 176 + ( 1.5 × 0.1 ) =176.2°
Ф = (Ф2 - Ф1 ¿= (176.2° - 4.7°) = 172.5°
Maka :
Ф(rata –rata) ¿Ф1+Ф2+Ф3
3
¿ 172 .5 °+172.3 °+172.5 °3
¿ 5137 .33
= 172.4°.
a. Massa gula 1 gram
Percobaan I
Ф1 = 3 + ( 2 × 0.1 ) = 3.2°
Ф2= 8 + ( 2 × 0.1 ) = 8.2°
Ф= (Ф2−Ф1¿=(8 .2°−3 .2° )=5 °
Percobaan II
Ф1 = 9 + ( 8,5 × 0.1 ) = 9.9°
Ф2= 177 + ( 2 × 0.1 ) = 177.2°
Ф = (Ф2−Ф1 ) = ( 177.2° - 9.9° ) = 167.4°
Percobaan III
Ф1 = 7.5 + ( 4 × 0.1 ) = 7.9°
Ф2 = 178 + ( 7 × 0.1 ) = 178.7°
Ф = (Ф2−Ф1¿=(178.7 °−7 .9 ° ) = 170.8°
Ф(rata –rata) ¿Ф1+Ф2+Ф3
3
¿ 5°+167 .4 °+170 .8 °3
¿ 343.2 °3
= 114.4°
b. Massa gula 2 gram
Percobaan I
Ф1 = 15.5 + ( 5 × 0.1 ) = 16°
Ф2 = 8 + ( 8 × 0.1 ) = 8.8°
Ф = (Ф2−Ф1¿=(16°−8 .8°) = 7.2°
Percobaan II
Ф1= 7 + ( 9 × 0.1 ) = 7.9°
Ф2= 16 + ( 7.5 × 0.1 ) = 16.8°
Ф= (Ф2 - Ф1 ¿ = ( 16.8° - 7.9° ) = 8.9°
Percobaan III
Ф1 = 6 + ( 5.5 × 0.1 ) = 6.55°
Ф2 = 14.5 + ( 2.5 × 0.1 ) = 14.8°
Ф = (Ф2−Ф1¿=(14 .8°−6 .55 ° ) = 8.2°
Ф(rata –rata) ¿Ф1+Ф2+Ф3
3
¿ 7 .2 °+8 .9 °+8 .2°3
¿ 24 .3°3
= 8.1°
c. Massa gula 3 gram
Percobaan I
Ф1 = 6 + ( 2 × 0.1 ) = 6.2°
Ф2 = 16 + ( 3 × 0.1 ) = 16.3°
Ф = (Ф2−Ф1¿=(16 .3 °−6 .2 °) = 10.1°
Percobaan II
Ф1= 7 + ( 7,5 × 0.1 ) = 7.75°
Ф2= 17 + ( 5.5 × 0.1 ) = 17.55°
Ф= (Ф2 - Ф1 ¿ = ( 17.55° - 7.75° ) = 9.8°
Percobaan III
Ф1 = 6,5 + ( 6 × 0.1 ) = 7.1°
Ф2 = 17 + ( 7 × 0.1 ) = 17.7°
Ф = (Ф2−Ф1¿=(17 .7 °−7 .1 °) = 10.6°
Ф(rata –rata) ¿Ф1+Ф2+Ф3
3
¿ 10,1°+9,8 °+10,6 °3
¿ 30,5°3
= 10,2°
4.1.3. Teori Ralat
4.1.2.3. Panjang tabung pendek (l) = 10 cm
a. Aquades
No. Φ(rata-rata) (o) (o) (o)
1 169.8
170.9
|169.8-170.9|=1.1 1.222 170.9 |170.9-170.9|=0 0
3 172.1 |172.1-170.9|=1.2 1.44
Σ =2.66
RM =√ Σn−1
= √ 2.662
= √1.33
= 1.15
RN = RM❑ X100 %
= 1.15
170.9X 100 %
= 7 %
±RM =( 170.9±1.15 )o
Ketelitian = 100% - 7%= 93%
b. Massa gula 1gram
No.Φ
(rata-rata) (o)(o) (o)
1 167.8
171.5
|167.8-171.5|=3.7 13.69
2 172 |172-171.5|=0.5 0.25
3 174.6 |174.6-171.5|=3.1 9.61
Σ =23.55
RM =√ Σn−1
= √ 23.552
= √11.775
= 3.43
RN = RM❑ X100 %
= 3.43
174.5X 100 %
= 2%
±RM =( 171.5±3.43 )o
Ketelitian = 100% - 2%=98 %
c. Massa gula 2gram
No.Φ
(rata-rata) (o)(o) (o)
1 170.8
169.7
|170.8-169.7|=1.1 1.21
2 168.2 |168.2-169.7|=1.5 2.25
3 170.1 |170.1-169.7|=0.4 0.16
Σ =3.62
RM =√ Σn−1
= √ 3.622
= √1.81
= 1.345
RN = RM❑ X100 %
= 1.345169.7
X 100 %
= 0.8%
±RM =(169.7 ±1.345 )o
Ketelitian = 100% -0.8 %=99.2 %
d. Massa gula 3gram
No.Φ
(rata-rata) (o)(o) (o)
1 8.6
8.4
|8.6-8.4|=0.2 0.04
2 8.8 |8.8-8.4|=0.4 0.16
3 7.7 |7.7-8.4|=0.7 0.49
Σ =0.69
RM =√ Σn−1
= √ 0.692
= √0.345
= 5.87 x10-1
RN = RM❑ X100 %
= 0.5878.4
X100 %
= 6.99% =7%
±RM =( 8.4±0.587 )o
Ketelitian = 100% - 7%=93 %
4.1.3.2. Panjang tabung panjang (l) = cm
a. Aquades
No.Φ
(rata-rata) (o)(o) (o)
1 172.4
172.4
|172.4-172.4|=0 0
2 172.3 |172.3-172.4|=0.1 0.1
3 171.5 |171.5-172.4|=0.9 0.81
Σ =0.82
RM =√ Σn−1
= √ 0.822
= √0.41
= 0.64
RN = RM❑ X100 %
= 0.64
172.4X100 %
= 0.4%
±RM = (172.4 ± 0.64)o
Ketelitian = 100% - 0.4%= 99.6%
b. gula 1gram
c. gula 2gram
d. gula 3gram