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Radiation Processing Technology: Assessment of Status and Path
Forward
DR. R. K. KHANDAL
DIRECTOR
SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI - 110007
Outline
Energy transitions
Radiation Processing
Applications
Status
Risk & Success factors
Scope for future
Path Forward
ENERGY TRANSITIONS IN MATTER
Radiation SpectrumFrequency (Hz)
Visib
le
Infrared
Ultravio
let
X-rays
Co
smic rays
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Rad
iofreq
uen
cy
Gam
ma rays
Micro
wave
High Potential for harnessing the solar energy
Processes involved Inner
electronic transition
Outer electronic transition
Molecular Vibrations
Molecular rotations vibrations
Electron spin resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Change at atomic & molecular levels can become the via media for value-addition of materials
Materials undergo region specific transitions; being active towards IR, UV, X-rays & gamma rays which are of interest for processing materials
Energy & their Sources
Source
Heating & Combustion
Excitations in the nucleus
Angular motion & spinning of electrons
Energy
Nuclear
Thermal
Magnetic
Electrical Flow of electrons
Kinetic Motion
Energy Levels Involved in Processing vis-à-vis Transitions
LevelForm of Energy
Nuclear
Very very high
Transitions
Thermal
Electrical
Ultimate
Very high
At all levels
MolecularAtomic(Nuclear only in case of fusion)
Kinetic High
MolecularAtomic (electrons)
MolecularAtomic (electrons)
Radiations of different energies can be used to effect transitions of various
kinds in materials
Radiation processing means value-addition of materials
Electromagnetic Energy (Radiations): Transitions in Matter
Energy (eV)Type of radiations
X-rays
2-3
Transition level
120 - 120 x 103 At atomic level
PhotosynthesisFluorescencePhosphorescence
All the radiations are due to photons
Infrared (IR) 0.001-2Vibrations of the molecule; at molecular level
Ultraviolet (UV) 3-124Electronic transitions from one level to other; at molecular level
Visible
RADIATION PROCESSING
Radiation Processing for Material Modification
Modification
Surface
Bulk
Materials
•Superior physical properties•Superior chemical properties•Superior performance
•Low cost of materials•Raw material availability•Manufacturability•Regulatory requirements
Superior performance materials required in medical, military, transport, utility & industrial areasRequired for automotive, electric & other consumer goods, low cost, high quality & volume availability are importantCost is not a criteria; performance is supreme!
Processing Technology
Process TechnologyParameter
Inputs
Thermodynamic Biological
Processing Technology
Process
Output
Raw & basic materials
Valuable material
Finished materials
PhysicalMechanicalChemicalBiological
Value creation
Value addition
If process technology produces valuable materials, processing technologies
render value creation and value addition of materials A novel processing technology is the one that can process all sorts of
materials
Radiation Processing: Myths and Truth
MYTHS
• Radioactivity is deadly, keep it away from food
• Irradiation kills nutrients
• Causes possibility of environment accidents and work exposure
• Irradiation alters chemistry of food
• Irradiation makes food radioactive
TRUTH
• Food irradiation saves life
• Irradiation results in minimal nutrient loss like other food processing techniques. Helps to maintain quality longer
• 40 medical product irradiation plants in US - None have shown to endanger environment
• Safety and design considerations do not expose workers to irradiation process
• No substances unique to irradiation have been identified
Do we become radioactive when you have an X-ray ?
RADIATION PROCESSING : APPLICATIONS
Microbial decontamination of spices and herbal products
Detoxification of aflatoxin in
peanuts
Shelf-life enhancement
of apples
SRI Experience In Gamma Irradiation of Food and Herbal Products
SRI Experience in Optical Plastics
Metal containing polyacrylates having high refractive index and good impact resistance
Refractive index and abbe number of polyacrylates can be tailor made.
Tinted contact lenses having better properties than conventional tinted contact lenses
Patents granted on above technologies
Optical plastics
SRI Experience in High Performance Electron Beam Curable Wood Coatings
Epoxy and urethane acrylate based coatings were designed and developed
Coated samples in different types of wood such as teak, shisham, kail, kicker and plywood
Radiation curable coatings were evaluated vis-à-vis conventional coatings for carious physico-mechanical properties
Thermal resistance of radiation curable coating is much better than that of conventional coatings
Successful demonstration and trials
Curable wood coating
SRI Experience in Destruction of Toxic PCBs in Oils and Paints (Ship Breaking Yard Alang)
Destruction of PCBs
PCBs destruction in oils and paints scrapings achieved upto 78 % and 91 % by gamma radiation without affecting the properties of oils and paints scrapings
Gamma irradiation process can be safely used for treatment of oils and paint wastes containing toxic PCBs as a better alternative to conventional high temperature incineration method
Gamma irradiation technique is an environment friendly process for the destruction's of PCBs in oils and paint waste
Shriram Applied Radiation Center (SARC)
The growth of SARC has been steady, and quite moderate Business growth for radiation processing has been low
100
535
420
258
248
387 415
490 519
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Jan-90 Dec-91 Jun-91 Dec-95 Sep-98 Nov-01 Jan-03 Feb-05 Jun-06
Month / Year
Co
-60
Rad
io-A
ctiv
ity
(KC
i)
STATUS OF IRRADIATION PROCESSING
E-Beam Accelerators & Gamma Irradiators in World
Country E-Beam Gamma TotalAccelerators Irradiators
USA >500 >50 >550Japan >300 >8 >308China >140 >120 >260Europe >60 >50 >110South America >23 >14 >37Brazil >15 8 >23Russia >15 5 >20India 8 14 22
World Total >1400 >260 >1660
Radiation Processing in India: Applications
NAME OF THE PLANT DESIGNED APPLICATION
CAPACITY, kCiISOMED, Mumbai 1000 HealthcareSARC, Delhi 800 Spices, Healthcare BRIT, Vashi 1000 Spices, Healthcare OGFL, Kolkata 1000 Healthcare, Agro-productsSHRI, Vadodara 1000 Sludge storage treatmentMicrotol, Bangalore 1000 Spices, Healthcare Agrosurg, Mumbai 1000 Spices, Healthcare Gamma Agro medical 1000 Spices, Healthcare Junson chemicals Bhiwadi 1000 Spices, Healthcare KRUSHAK, Lasalgaon 300 Agro-productsVardan Agrotech, Sonepat 1500 Spices, Healthcare A/V Processors,Mumbai 1000 Spices, HealthcareRASHMI, Bangalore - HealthcareRAVI, Jodhpur - HealthcareSCHTIMST, Thiruvanantapuram 80 Healthcare
From Orchard to cold storage, delay should be minimised to retain quality
At each step of operation, delays result rejections causing loss of ~ 30 % of apples produced
If taken straight for irradiation after harvesting, losses can be minimised
MATURE APPLE
HARVESTING
PRECOOLING
SORTING/ GRADING
PACKAGING
TRANSPORTATION
LOCAL COLD STORAGE
CONSEQUENCE
• Should be minimum otherwise spoilage may increase
TIME INVOLVED
2-4 Days
1-2 Days
1-2 Days
2-3 Days
• Delay may cause quality deterioration
MARKET
• Delay may cause spoilage/ rejection
GAMMA RADIATION
1-5 Days
OUTSIDE COLD STORAGE
Harvesting Process to Market
Cost - Economics : Radiation Vs CAS
Control Atmosphere Storage (CAS)
Project of Rs 200 crore for establishment of CAS for preservation of
6000 tonnes of apples in the Himachal Pradesh
This CA storage will be able to preserve only 3% of the total apple
produce of Himachal Pradesh
Irradiators 1400 kCi irradiator capacity
4 plants of 350 kCi
Total cost of <100 crore
Problem Areas Associated with Herbal Products
Bacterial & fungal attack with time during storage & handling
Development of toxins (aflatoxins)
Deterioration of efficacy of the actives with time
Sanitary and phytosanitary aspects
Need to develop sterilization methods without
- Loss of low volatile components
- Loss of essential oils
- Degradation of actives
RADIATION PROCESSING : RISK & SUCCESS FACTORS
RISK FACTORS
Radiation technologies do not have risk factors to cause any serious concern for their sustainability; Managing them is the key
-irradiation E-Beam
Obsolescence
Non-availability of inputs
Misuse
Non-availability of technical
support services
Factors
Isotope
Anti-social
Safety
Equipments & devices
Electricity
Anti-social
Continuous process
Environmental concerns
Radio safety Installation
Isotope
No
?
?
?
Yes
Yes
?
No
Yes
Yes
Irradiation Technologies: Success factors
Mandatory irradiation of food products
Availability of power/ infrastructure
Institutions like BARC, SRI, etc. have been playing a major role in creating awareness about advantages of radiation processing
Emphasis on capability building in this field is needed !
Mandatory use of E-beam irradiated products e.g. cables
Mandatory irradiation of biomedical products
Affordable costPopularization as environment-friendly technique
Gamma E-beam
Radiation Processing : Scope for Future
• Huge potential for the development of novel materials in the area of infrastructure, energy, space, defense, etc.
• Emerging technology for :
• Special variety of seeds
• Nanomaterials with extraordinary properties
• Food safety & food security
• Crop preservation
• Sewage treatment
•Recycling of non-degradable plastics
• Rapid growth in use of drugs, biological & electronic devices and regenerative medicines.
Common utility for any food park or industry park !
Radiation Processing : Path Forward
• Policy decisions for mandatory processing of all raw foods by irradiation
• Environment friendly technology for reducing carbon footprint
• Frame policies to encourage R & D using radiation processing
• Aiming for adoption of irradiation processing in different sectors
Thank You