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Introduction to Baroque Arts and Music
by Elliott Jones of Santa Ana College
for Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative shared under a Creative Commons Attribution License
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Barroco
Portugese term
Origin of “Baroque”
Pearl of irregular shape
Originally had negative connotation
Referred to excessive ornamentation in artBernini’s canopy in St. Peter’s
Altar at St. Peter’s
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Baroque (1600 – 1750)
New sound emerges in northern Italy
Grows out of several trendsVirtuosic singing in Italian madrigals
Reaction against equal-voiced Renn. Polyphony
Growing desire for expressivity
Baroque style evolves greatly over 150 yrs.
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Stylistic Variation
From early to late Baroque musical styles and tastes change dramatically.
Some 20th century scholars felt this couldn’t be considered a single historical period.
Though there is now consensus on using the term “Baroque” to describe this period, early Baroque music sounds very different from late Baroque music.
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Doctrine of the Affections
Musical expression influences emotion
One emotion (or “affect”) per piece/mvmt.
Musical settings should reinforce the text
Especially relevant to vocal music
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Monody
An early Baroque innovation in singing
Expressive, text-oriented solo vocal line
Sparse accompaniment – basso continuo
Homophonic textureDominant melody
Chordal accompaniment
Origin of monody in Florentine Camerata
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Basso Continuo
An accompaniment by two instrumentsOne melodic bass: cello, bassoon
One chordal instrument: harpsichord, organ
Music not fully written outBass line with numbers written below indicating the harmony
This is called “figured bass”
Creates a top-bottom harmonic emphasis
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Baroque Style Elements: Melody
Two kinds of melody developVocal – expressive, virtuosic
Instrumental – mechanical, sequential repetition
Vocal lines frequently shift dramatically from long to short notes
Melodic lines are typically long, expansive, and irregular (contrast w/Classical period)
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Baroque Style Elements: Harmony
Conceived vertically – chords
Continuo is ubiquitous
Dominance of major and minor scales
Over time the chord progressions become more standardized
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Baroque Style Elements: Rhythm
Rhythm generally uniform within a piece
Strong beat common in instrumental music
Rhythmic drive increases over the course of the Baroque
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Baroque Style Elements: Texture
Early Baroque composers favored homophonic texture.
This was a reaction to late Renaissance polyphony that they felt impeded expression
Late Baroque composers embraced elaborate polyphonic textures.
J.S. Bach was a master of counterpoint.
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Baroque Style Elements: Dynamics
Composers specify volume for first timeForte = loud
Piano = soft
Baroque composers preferred sudden changes in dynamic levels
Terraced dynamics
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Virtuoso Musicians
Performance standards rise
Advanced playing/singing technique is demanded by the music
Domenico Scarlatti – harpsichord
Antonio Vivaldi – violin
The castratti – operatic vocalists