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For more information visit:www.tbic.org.uk
Basements: Thermal PerformancePerformance of dwellings with basements
For more information visit:www.tbic.org.uk
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Acknowledgements
This publication is based on a report assessing the thermal performance of dwellings with basements prepared by
the Building Research Establishment (BRE) for The Basement Information Centre (TBIC).
TBIC
would
like
to
extend
its
thanks
to
BRE
for
the
1993
original
report
and
for
this
updated
report.
TBIC
wishes
to
give particular thanks to Tim Ward, Senior Scientist – Thermal performance, BRE East Kilbride for his assistance in
developing our brief and for the extensive and detailed content and calculations in this report. We also extend our
thanks to Brian Anderson, Technical Director, BRE Scotland for formally approving the client report.
The information given in this publication is based on the findings of the BRE report, which has been approved by and
reproduced with the permission of BRE Scotland, in accordance with its copyright procedure. Ref: © BRE client
report number 246814, Commercial in confidence.
BRE Scotland
Kelvin Road
East Kilbride
Glasgow G75 0RZ
T + 44 (0)1355 576200
F + 44 (0)1355 576210
W www.bre.co.uk
The client report 246814 was made on behalf of BRE. By receiving the report and acting on it, the client – or any third party relying on it – accepts
that no individual is personally liable in contract, tort or breach of statutory duty (including negligence).
A
list
of
members
providing
products
and
services
for
new‐
build,
refurbished
and
retro‐
fit
basements
may
be
found
on The Basement Information Centre’s website www.basements.org.uk, or on www.tbic.org.uk which also lists other
publications and provides more information on the design and construction of basements for dwellings.
Many construction activities are potentially dangerous, so care is needed at all times. Current legislation requires all persons
to consider the effects of their actions or lack of action on the health and safety of themselves and others. Advice on safety
legislation may be obtained from any area offices of the Health and Safety Executive.
TBIC/005 Published by
First
published
1993,
C/17,
©
BCA
The Basement Information Centre
ISBN 0 7210 1450 1 Riverside House
4 Meadows Business Park
This publication 2009 Station Approach, Blackwater
ISBN 978 ‐ 0 ‐ 9557526 ‐ 2 ‐ 9 Camberley, Surrey GU17 9AB
© The Basement Information Centre 2011 T: +33 (0)1276 33155
E : [email protected] www.tbic.org.uk or www.basements.org.uk
All advice or information from the Basement Information Centre is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitations of its
contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or
information
is
accepted.
Readers
should
note
that
all
TBIC
publications
are
subject
to
revision
from
time
to
time
and
should
therefore
ensure
that
they are in possession of the latest version.
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THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF DWELLINGS WITH BASEMENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
1 Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................. 1
2 Introduction .............................................................................. ....................................... .................... 1
3 SAP base cases and methodology.......................................................................... .............................. 2
4 Results .............................................................................................. ............................... ..................... 2
5 Conclusions ................................................................................. ................................... ...................... 6
6 References................................................................................................. .................................... ....... 6
Appendix A – SAP calculations .......................................................................... ....................................... 10
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
1
1. Executive summary
The Building Research Establishment (BRE) was commissioned by The Basement Information Centre (TBIC) to update a
report first prepared in 1993 which assessed the thermal performance of dwellings with basements at that time and
the savings that might be made on the energy consumption for space heating. However, whereas the original report
expressed the savings regarding space heating only, this updated report requires that any savings be expressed with
regard to the total annual energy consumption, where this comprises all the energy uses currently included in the
SAP(1) calculation, namely energy used for space heating, hot water and lighting.
This report considers these potential basement savings for five agreed dwelling types whose plane elements are built to
the Building Regulations for England and Wales and it compares their consumption with the reduced consumption when
these dwelling types are built with both a partial and a full basement respectively, with the same construction for the
basement wall and basement floor as that for the walls and ground floor of the non ‐ basement forms. Increased
airtightness for the dwellings with basements has been taken into account in the calculations by assuming basement
walls
and
floor
to
be
completely
sealed,
although
in
practice
most
basement
levels
will
have
some
air
leakage.
Constructing dwellings with the lowest floor as a full or partial basement rather than as a ground floor does save
energy. The level of saving on overall energy is on average about 5%; nevertheless, the savings that can be made with
basement forms could allow a particular dwelling to more readily meet the thermal regulations and also improve its
energy performance rating as well as reduce its CO2 emissions. The level of saving on energy required for heating
averages about 8.5%, and approaches around 10% for a fully below ‐ ground basement under a two ‐ storey house
compared to its three ‐ storey equivalent above ground, and rises to around 14% for a full basement under a single ‐
storey property compared to its two ‐ storey equivalent above ground.
2. Introduction
BRE was commissioned by TBIC to update the first edition of this publication published in 1993 which assessed the
thermal performance of dwellings with basements at that time and the savings that might be made on the energy
consumption for space heating. However, whereas the original report expressed the savings regarding space heating
only, this updated report requires that any savings be expressed with regard to the total annual energy consumption,
where this comprises all the energy uses currently included in the SAP(1) calculation, namely energy used for space
heating, hot water and lighting.
This report considers these potential basement savings for five agreed dwelling types whose plane elements are built
to the Building Regulations for England and Wales and it compares their consumption with the reduced consumption
when these dwelling types are built with a partial and a full basement respectively, with the same construction for the
basement wall and basement floor as that for the walls and ground floor of the non ‐ basement forms. Increased
airtightness for the dwellings with basements has been taken into account in the calculations by assuming basement
walls and floor to be completely sealed, although in practice most basements will have some windows with some air
leakage. Some dwelling types had additional variants where the window area for the basement was reduced from 15%
of the floor area to a fifteenth (6.67%) of the floor area. Figure 1 shows the six dwelling types and their variants and
Table 1 shows the basic information on the built form and size of each dwelling type.
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
2
3. SAP base cases and methodology
The base cases for each dwelling type were put through a SAP calculation where, with the exception of the different
dwelling sizes and fabric U‐ values, all other parameters such as heating system and controls, hot water and lighting
were all fixed. For each different dwelling above ground (the base cases), the U‐ values of the building elements (wall,
roof and floor) were chosen such that the dwelling just passed the CO2 emissions target and of course passed the other
regulatory requirements. The SAP results (total annual energy consumption and total CO2 consumption per year per m²
floor area) and summary input data for each ‘base’ dwelling type are given in Appendix A. The method of comparing
the dwelling to that built as a partial or as a full basement was to redo the SAP calculations with the introduction (as
appropriate) of a basement wall and a basement floor where their construction was as above ground but where their
U‐ values were modified as a consequence of the surrounding soil. Airtightness for the construction below ground was
considered to be zero, with the overall airtightness for the dwelling, when built as a partial or full basement, using
weighted airtightness reduction factors. The airtightness for the dwelling above ground was taken to be 7.0 m³/h · m²
at 50 Pa. The reduction in U‐ value and the improvement in airtightness result in reduced total energy consumption and
hence reduced total CO2 emissions for the partial and full basement variants for each of the dwellings. The U values of
the
basement
floor
and
walls
was
determined
by
use
of
BS
EN
ISO
6946
(2)
and
BS
EN
ISO
13370
(3)
.
4. Results
Table 2 summarises the dwelling information and gives the total energy consumption for the various dwellings above
ground, built as a partial basement and built as a full basement respectively. The savings in total annual energy
consumption and the corresponding reduction in CO2 emissions achieved when a dwelling is built as a partial or full
basement are given in Table 3
Looking at the reduction in total annual energy consumption, the larger percentage reductions occur, as would be
expected, with the full basements, where this ranged from –3.7% for the three ‐ storey mid ‐ terrace (MTF) to –7.2% for
the two ‐ storey detached house (D1F) with the same floor area. Reducing the basement window area serves to further
reduce the energy consumption by about 1%. The partial basements save less energy, where the reduction ranges
from –2.6% for the three ‐ storey mid ‐ terrace (MTP) to –3.6% for the three ‐ storey detached house with the same floor
area (D4P). For the partial basement build of the three ‐ storey detached house (D2P), reducing the basement window
area further reduces the energy consumption by 0.7%, which is a little less than that for full basements.
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
3
Figure 1: Dwelling types and the basement and window variations covered
Table 1: Built form and size of the chosen dwelling types
Dwelling
type
Description No.
of
storeys
Floor
dimensions
(m × m)
Total floor
area
(m²)
% total
window
area
Total
window
area
(m²)
Exposed
floor
perimeter
(m)
Gross wall
area
(m²)
D1 Two ‐ storey detached 2 7.6 7.3 110.96 15.00% 16.64 29.80 149.00
D1BW15
As D1 but with a
reduced area of
basement window of
6.67%
10.84% 12.02
D2 Three ‐ storey detached 3 7.6 7.3 166.44 15.00% 24.97 29.80 223.50
D2BW15
As D2 but with a
reduced area of
basement window of
6.67%
12.22%
20.34
D3 Two ‐ storey detached 2 7.6 10.95 166.44 15.00% 24.97 37.10 185.50
D4 Three ‐ storey detached 3 5.0667 7.3 110.96 15.00% 16.64 24.73 185.50
MT
Three ‐ storey mid ‐
terrace
3 5.0667 7.3 110.96 15.00% 16.64 14.60 109.50
Grd
Bsmnt
Bsmnt+Wdw 1/15 Wdw 1/15
Detached Detached Detached Detached Detached Terraced Wdw 1/15
All wdw
1/15
All wdw
1/15
All wdw
1/15
Bmnt wdw1/15 Full 2.5 m
1.5 mSemi
D1
D1F
BW15
D1F
D2
D3
D4 MT
MTP
MTF
D4P
D4FD3F
D2
D2F
BW15
Plus Basement windows 1/15for D2P and D2F
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
4
Table 2: Summary of dwelling information and total energy consumption
Dwelling above ground
Dwelling
type
Description
Floor
dimensions
(m × m)
Total
floor
area
(m²)
% total
window area
Total
window
area
(m²)
Exposed
floor
perimeter
(m)
Gross
wall
area
(m²)
U wall
(W/m²K)
U floor
(W/m²K)
Total energy
consumption
(kWh)
D1
Two ‐ storey
detached
7.6 7.3 110.96 15.00% 16.64 29.80 149.00 0.3 0.2 11,182
D1BW15 10.84% 12.02
D2
Three ‐ storey
detached
7.6 7.3 166.44 15.00% 24.97 29.80 223.50 0.3 0.2 14,767
D2BW15 12.22% 20.34
D3 Two‐
storey
detached
7.6 10.95 166.44 15.00% 24.97 37.10 185.50 0.3 0.19 14,766
D4
Three ‐ storey
detached
5.0667 7.3 110.96 15.00% 16.64 24.73 185.50 0.3 0.21 11,427
MT
Three ‐ storey
mid ‐ terrace
5.0667 7.3 110.96 15.00% 16.64 14.60 109.50 0.28 0.19 9688
Partial basement – depth 1.5 m
Dwelling
type
Description
Partial
basement
variants
Airtightness
reduction
factor
Basement
wall
depth
(m)
Basement
wall area
(m²)
% basement
window area
Ub wall
(W/m²K)
Ub floor
(W/m²K)
Total energy
consumption
(kWh)
D2 Three‐
storey
detached D2P 0.80 1.5 44.7 15.00% 0.22 0.18 14,348
D2PBW15 0.80 1.5 44.7 6.67% 0.22 0.18 14,253
D4
Three ‐ storey
detached
D4P 0.80 1.5 37.10 15.00% 0.22 0.19 11,017
MT
Three ‐ storey
mid ‐ terrace
MTP 0.80 1.5 21.9 15.00% 0.21 0.17 9433
Full basement – depth 2.5 m
Dwelling
type
Description
Full
basement
variants
Airtightness
reduction
factor
Basement
wall depth
(m)
Basement
wall area
(m²)
%
basement
window area
Ub
wall
(W/m²K)
Ub
floor
(W/m²K)
Total
energy
consumption (kWh)
D1
Two ‐ storey
detached
D1F 0.56 2.22 66.18 15.00% 0.2 0.18 10,520
D1FBW15 0.52 2.38 70.80 6.67% 0.2 0.18 10,380
D2
Three ‐ storey
detached
D2F 0.70 2.22 66.18 15.00% 0.2 0.18 14,110
D2FBW15 0.68 2.38 70.80 6.67% 0.2 0.18 13,975
D3
Two ‐ storey
detached
D3F 0.57 2.16 80.27 15.00% 0.2 0.17 13,814
D4
Three ‐ storey
detached
D4F 0.70 2.28 56.29 15.00% 0.2 0.18 10,902
MT
Three ‐ storey
mid‐
terrace
MTF 0.72 2.12 30.95 15.00% 0.19 0.17 9327
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
5
Table 3: Total annual energy consumption and reduction in CO2 emissions achieved for the build as a partial or full basement
Dwelling type Description
Total floor
area (m²)
% basement
window
Total energy
consumption
(kWh)
% energy
reduction
% CO2
reduction
D1 Two ‐ storey detached 110.96 11,182 – –
D1F Full basement (2.5 m) 15.00% 10,520 5.9% 5.6%
D1FBW15 6.67% 10,380 7.2% 6.2%
D2 Three ‐ storey detached 166.44 14,767 – –
D2P Partial basement (1.5 m) 15.00% 14,348 2.8% 2.7%
D2PBW15 6.67% 14,253 3.5% 2.9%
D2F Full basement (2.5 m) 15.00% 14,110 4.4% 4.2%
D2FBW15 Full basement (2.5 m) 6.67% 13,975 5.4% 4.7%
D3 Two ‐ storey detached 166.44 14,766 – –
D3F Full basement (2.5 m) 15.00% 13,814 6.4% 6.0%
D4 Three ‐ storey detached 110.96 11,427 – –
D4P Partial basement (1.5 m) 15.00% 11,017 3.6% 2.7%
D4F Full basement (2.5 m) 15.00% 10,902 4.6% 4.3%
MT Three ‐ storey mid ‐ terrace 110.96 9688 – –
MTP Partial basement (1.5 m) 15.00% 9433 2.6% 2.4%
MTF Full basement (2.5 m) 15.00% 9327 3.7% 3.5%
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
6
5. Conclusions Constructing dwellings with the lowest floor as a full or partial basement rather than as a ground floor does save energy.
The
level
of
savings
depends
on
whether
or
not
the
basement
is
full
or
partial
and
the
proportion
of
the
dwelling
below
ground (e.g. a two ‐ storey dwelling leads to a higher saving than a three ‐ storey dwelling with the same footprint) and the
amount of glazing in the basement. The level of total saving is on average about 5%; nevertheless, the savings that can
be made with basement forms could allow a particular dwelling to more readily meet the thermal regulations and also
improve its energy performance rating as well as reduce its CO2 emissions. The level of saving on energy required for
heating averages about 8.5% and approaches around 10% for a fully below ‐ ground basement under a two ‐ storey house
compared to its three ‐ storey equivalent above ground, and rises to around 14% for a full basement under a single ‐ storey
property compared to its two ‐ storey eq uivalent above ground.
6. References
1. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. SAP 2005. The Government’s Standard Assessment Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellings. 2005 edition . Available from: www.bre.co.uk/sap2005.
2. British Standards Institution. BS EN ISO 6946, Building components and building elements – Thermal resistance and thermal transmittance – Calculation method. BSI, London, 1997.
3. British Standards Institution. BS EN ISO 13370 – Thermal performance of buildings – Heat transfer through the ground . BSI, London, 1998.
4. Anderson, B. Conventions for U‐value calculations. BRE Report 443 (2006 edition). Available from:
www.bre.co.uk/uvalues.
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
10
Appendix A – SAP calculations
This appendix contains the detailed results of the SAP(1) calculations for the base dwellings built above ground and
the house variations incorporating a basement (calculated by program Bresap version 4.40
The following shows:
SAP WORKSHEETS FOR DWELLINGS AS DESIGNED
CALCULATION OF DWELLING EMISSIONS FOR REGULATIONS COMPLIANCE In accordance with Approved Document L1A, 2006 edition.
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
11
SAP WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D1 Above ground
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
55.48
2.50
138.70
(1)
First floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (2)
Total floor area 110.96 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 277.40 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.11 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 7.0
Infiltration rate 0.46 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.39 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.58 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 16.64 (2.00) 1.85 30.81 (27)
Ground floor 55.48 0.20 11.10 (28)
Walls 128.56 0.30 38.57 (29)
Roof 55.48 0.16 8.88 (30)
Total area of elements 259.96 (32)
Fabric heat loss 96.96 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 20.80 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 117.75 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 52.71 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 170.46 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.54 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2236 (39)
Distribution loss 395 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 3408 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output from water heater 3408 (51)
Heat gains from water heating 1496 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
12
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 627 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –24 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 171 (54)
Total internal gains 784 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 16.64 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 256 (58)
total: 256 (65)
Total gains 1040 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.10 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.948 (68)
Useful gains 986 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature adjustment from Table 4e 0.00 (71)
Adjustment for gains 0.36 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.23 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.50 (74)
Living area fraction 0.270 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.730 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.14 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 5.78 (78)
Base temperature 12.36 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1420.8 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 5813 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 5774 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 581 (85a)
Water heating requirement 3408
Efficiency of water heater 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 3762 (86a)
Electricity
for
pumps
and
fans
175
(87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 890 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 5774 0.194 1120 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 581 0.422 245 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 3762 0.194 730 (103)
Space and water heating 2095 (107)
Pumps
and
fans
–
box
(87)
175
0.422
74
(108)
Electricity for lighting 890 0.422 376 (109)
Total kg/year 2545 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 22.93 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
13
SAP 2005 WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D1FBW15 Full basement 6.67% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
55.48
2.50
138.70
(1)
First floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (2)
Total floor area 110.96 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 277.40 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.11 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 3.6
Infiltration rate 0.29 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.25 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.53 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 12.02 (2.00) 1.85 22.26 (27)
Ground floor 55.48 0.18 9.99 (28)
Walls (1) 62.38 0.30 18.71 (29)
Walls (2) 70.80 0.20 14.16 (29)
Roof 55.48 0.16 8.88 (30)
Total area of elements 259.96 (32)
Fabric heat loss 81.60 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 20.80 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 102.39 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 48.55 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 150.95 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.36 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2236 (39)
Distribution loss 395 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 3408 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output from water heater 3408 (51)
Heat
gains
from
water
heating
1496
(52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
14
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 627 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –25 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 171 (54)
Total internal gains 783 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 12.02 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 185 (58)
total: 185 (65)
Total gains 967 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.41 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.940 (68)
Useful gains 909 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature adjustment from Table 4e 0.00 (71)
Adjustment for gains 0.40 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.28 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.47 (74)
Living area fraction 0.270 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.730 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.21 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 6.02 (78)
Base temperature 12.19 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1385.3 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 5018 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 4985 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 502 (85a)
Water heating requirement 3408
Efficiency of water heater 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 3762 (86a)
Electricity
for
pumps
and
fans
175
(87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 956 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 4985 0.194 967 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 502 0.422 212 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 3762 0.194 730 (103)
Space and water heating 1909 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity for lighting 956 0.422 403 (109)
Total kg/year 2386 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 21.50 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
15
SAP WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D2 Above ground
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
55.48
2.50
138.70
(1)
First floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (2)
Second floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (3)
Total floor area 166.44 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 416.10 (6)
2. Ventilation rate
m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.07 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 7.0
Infiltration rate 0.42 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.36 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.56 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter
Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 24.97 (2.00) 1.85 46.24 (27)
Ground floor 55.48 0.20 11.10 (28)
Walls 194.73 0.30 58.42 (29)
Roof 55.48 0.16 8.88 (30)
Total area of elements 334.46 (32)
Fabric heat loss 132.23 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 26.76 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 158.99 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 77.49 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 236.48 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.42 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements
kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2853 (39)
Distribution loss 503 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total
4133
(49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output from water heater 4133 (51)
Heat gains from water heating 1737 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
16
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 877 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –35 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 198 (54)
Total internal gains 1050 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 24.97 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 384 (58)
total: 384 (65)
Total gains 1434 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.06 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.949 (68)
Useful gains 1360 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.35 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.23 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.48 (74)
Living area fraction 0.180 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.820 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.02 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 5.75 (78)
Base temperature 12.27 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1401.2 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 7953 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 7900 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 795 (85a)
Water heating requirement 4133
Efficiency of water hea ter 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 4562 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 1335 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 7900 0.194 1533 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 795 0.422 336 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 4562 0.194 885 (103)
Space and water heating 2753 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity
for
lighting
1335
0.422
563
(109)
Total kg/year 3391 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 20.37 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
17
SAP WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D2F Full basement 15% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
55.48
2.50
138.70
(1)
First floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (2)
Second floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (3)
Total floor area 166.44 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 416.10 (6)
2. Ventilation rate
m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.07 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 4.9
Infiltration rate 0.32 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.27 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.54 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter
Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 24.97 (2.00) 1.85 46.24 (27)
Ground floor 55.48 0.18 9.99 (28)
Walls (1) 128.55 0.30 38.57 (29)
Walls (2) 66.18 0.20 13.24 (29)
Roof 55.48 0.16 8.88 (30)
Total area of elements 334.46 (32)
Fabric heat loss 124.50 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 26.76 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 151.26 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 73.64 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 224.91 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.35 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements
kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2853 (39)
Distribution loss 503 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary
circuit
loss
360
(48)
Total 4133 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output from water heater 4133 (51)
Heat gains from water heating 1737 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
18
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 877 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –35 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 198 (54)
Total internal gains 1050 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 ×24.97 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 384 (58)
total: 384 (65)
Total gains 1434 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.38 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.941 (68)
Useful gains 1349 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.40 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.28 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.47 (74)
Living area fraction 0.180 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.820 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.08 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 6.00 (78)
Base temperature 12.08 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1362.0 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 7352 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 7303 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 735 (85a)
Water heating requirement 4133
Efficiency of water hea ter 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 4562 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 1335 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 7303 0.194 1417 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 735 0.422 310 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 4562 0.194 885 (103)
Space and water heating 2612 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity
for
lighting
1335
0.422
563
(109)
Total kg/year 3249 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 19.52 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
19
SAP 2005 WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D2FBW15 Full basement 6.67% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
55.48
2.50
138.70
(1)
First floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (2)
Second floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (3)
Total floor area 166.44 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 416.10 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.07 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 4.8
Infiltration rate 0.31 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.26 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.53 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 20.34 (2.00) 1.85 37.67 (27)
Ground floor 55.48 0.18 9.99 (28)
Walls (1) 128.56 0.30 38.57 (29)
Walls (2) 70.80 0.20 14.16 (29)
Roof 55.48 0.16 8.88 (30)
Total area of elements 334.46 (32)
Fabric heat loss 116.86 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 26.76 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 143.61 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 73.43 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 217.04 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.30 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2853 (39)
Distribution loss 503 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 4133 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output
from
water
heater
4133
(51)
Heat gains from water heating 1737 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
20
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 877 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –37 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 198 (54)
Total internal gains 1048 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 20.34 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 313 (58)
total: 313 (65)
Total gains 1361 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.27 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.943 (68)
Useful gains 1284 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.38 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.26 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.46 (74)
Living area fraction 0.180 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.820 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.07 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 5.92 (78)
Base temperature 12.15 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1376.9 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 7172 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 7125 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 717 (85a)
Water heating requirement 4133
Efficiency of water hea ter 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 4562 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 1396 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 7125 0.194 1382 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 717 0.422 303 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 4562 0.194 885 (103)
Space and water heating 2570 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity
for
lighting
1396
0.422
589
(109)
Total kg/year 3233 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 19.42 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
21
SAP WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D2P Partial basement 15% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
55.48
2.50
138.70
(1)
First floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (2)
Second floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (3)
Total floor area 166.44 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 416.10 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.07 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 5.6
Infiltration rate 0.35 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.30 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.54 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 24.97 (2.00) 1.85 46.24 (27)
Ground floor 55.48 0.18 9.99 (28)
Walls (1) 150.03 0.30 45.01 (29)
Walls (2) 44.70 0.22 9.83 (29)
Roof 55.48 0.16 8.88 (30)
Total area of elements 334.46 (32)
Fabric heat loss 127.55 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 26.76 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 154.30 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 74.81 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 229.11 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.38 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2853 (39)
Distribution loss 503 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 4133 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output
from
water
heater
4133
(51)
Heat gains from water heating 1737 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
22
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 877 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –35 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 198 (54)
Total internal gains 1050 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 24.97 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 384 (58)
total: 384 (65)
Total gains 1434 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.26 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.944 (68)
Useful gains 1353 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.38 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.26 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.47 (74)
Living area fraction 0.180 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.820 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.06 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 5.91 (78)
Base temperature 12.15 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1376.6 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 7569 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 7519 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 757 (85a)
Water heating requirement 4133
Efficiency of water heater 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 4562 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 1335 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 7519 0.194 1459 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 757 0.422 319 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 4562 0.194 885 (103)
Space and water heating 2663 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity for lighting 1335 0.422 563 (109)
Total kg/year 3300 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 19.83 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
23
SAP WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D2PBW15 Partial basement 6.67% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
55.48
2.50
138.70
(1)
First floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (2)
Second floor 55.48 2.50 138.70 (3)
Total floor area 166.44 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 416.10 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.07 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 5.6
Infiltration rate 0.35 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.30 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.54 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 20.34 (2.00) 1.85 37.67 (27)
Ground floor 55.48 0.18 9.99 (28)
Walls (1) 154.66 0.30 46.40 (29)
Walls (2) 44.70 0.22 9.83 (29)
Roof 55.48 0.16 8.88 (30)
Total area of elements 334.46 (32)
Fabric heat loss 120.36 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 26.76 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 147.12 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 74.81 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 221.92 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.33 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2853 (39)
Distribution loss 503 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 4133 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output
from
water
heater
4133
(51)
Heat gains from water heating 1737 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
24
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 877 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –37 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 198 (54)
Total internal gains 1048 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 20.34 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 313 (58)
total: 313 (65)
Total gains 1361 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.13 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.947 (68)
Useful gains 1289 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.36 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.24 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.46 (74)
Living area fraction 0.180 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.820 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.04 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 5.81 (78)
Base temperature 12.23 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1394.3 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 7426 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 7377 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 743 (85a)
Water heating requirement 4133
Efficiency of water hea ter 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 4562 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 1396 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 7377 0.194 1431 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 743 0.422 313 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 4562 0.194 885 (103)
Space and water heating 2630 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity
for
lighting
1396
0.422
589
(109)
Total kg/year 3293 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 19.78 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
25
SAP 2005 WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D3 Above ground
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
83.22
2.50
208.05
(1)
First floor 83.22 2.50 208.05 (2)
Total floor area 166.44 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 416.10 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.07 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 7.0
Infiltration rate 0.42 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.36 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.56 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 24.97 (2.00) 1.85 46.24 (27)
Ground floor 83.22 0.20 16.64 (28)
Walls 156.73 0.30 47.02 (29)
Roof 83.22 0.16 13.32 (30)
Total area of elements 351.94 (32)
Fabric heat loss 130.82 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 28.16 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 158.97 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 77.49 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 236.47 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.42 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2853 (39)
Distribution loss 503 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 4133 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output from water heater 4133 (51)
Heat gains from water heating 1737 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
26
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 877 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –35 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 198 (54)
Total internal gains 1050 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 24.97 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 384 (58)
total: 384 (65)
Total gains 1434 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.06 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.949 (68)
Useful gains 1360 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.35 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.23 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.48 (74)
Living area fraction 0.180 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.820 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.02 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 5.75 (78)
Base temperature 12.27 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1401.2 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 7952 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 7899 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 795 (85a)
Water heating requirement 4133
Efficiency of water hea ter 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 4562 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 1335 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 7899 0.194 1532 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 795 0.422 336 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 4562 0.194 885 (103)
Space and water heating 2753 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity
for
lighting
1335
0.422
563
(109)
Total kg/year 3390 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 20.37 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
27
SAP WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D3F Full basement 15% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
83.22
2.50
208.05
(1)
First floor 83.22 2.50 208.05 (2)
Total floor area 166.44 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 416.10 (6)
2. Ventilation rate
m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.07 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 4.0
Infiltration rate 0.27 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.23 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.53 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 24.97 (2.00) 1.85 46.24 (27)
Ground floor 83.22 0.17 14.15 (28)
Walls (1) 73.51 0.30 22.05 (29)
Walls (2) 80.27 0.20 16.05 (29)
Roof 83.22 0.16 13.32 (30)
Total area of elements 348.99 (32)
Fabric heat loss 119.41 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 27.92 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 147.33 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 72.32 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 219.65 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.32 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2853 (39)
Distribution loss 503 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 4133 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output
from
water
heater
4133
(51)
Heat gains from water heating 1737 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
28
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 877 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –35 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 198 (54)
Total internal gains 1050 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 24.97 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 384 (58)
total: 384 (65)
Total gains 1434 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.53 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.937 (68)
Useful gains 1343 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.42 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.30 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.46 (74)
Living area fraction 0.180 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.820 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.10 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 6.11 (78)
Base temperature 11.99 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1343.2 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 7081 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 7034 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 708 (85a)
Water heating requirement 4133
Efficiency of water heater 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 4562 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 1335 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 7034 0.194 1365 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 708 0.422 299 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 4562 0.194 885 (103)
Space and water heating 2548 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity for lighting 1335 0.422 563 (109)
Total kg/year 3186 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 19.14 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
29
SAP 2005 WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D4 Above ground
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
36.99
2.50
92.48
(1)
First floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (2)
Second floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (3)
Total floor area 110.97 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 277.43 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.11 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 7.0
Infiltration rate 0.46 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.39 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.58 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 16.64 (2.00) 1.85 30.81 (27)
Ground floor 36.99 0.20 7.40 (28)
Walls 165.06 0.30 49.52 (29)
Roof 36.99 0.16 5.92 (30)
Total area of elements 259.48 (32)
Fabric heat loss 101.25 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 20.76 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 122.01 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 52.72 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 174.72 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.57 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2237 (39)
Distribution loss 395 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 3408 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output from water heater 3408 (51)
Heat
gains
from
water
heating
1496
(52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
30
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 627 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –24 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 171 (54)
Total internal gains 784 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 16.64 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 256 (58)
total: 256 (65)
Total gains 1040 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 5.95 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.951 (68)
Useful gains 990 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.33 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.21 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.50 (74)
Living area fraction 0.270 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.730 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.11 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 5.66 (78)
Base temperature 12.45 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1439.3 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 6036 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 5996 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 604 (85a)
Water heating requirement 3408
Efficiency of water hea ter 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 3762 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 890 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 5996 0.194 1163 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 604 0.422 255 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 3762 0.194 730 (103)
Space and water heating 2148 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity
for
lighting
890
0.422
376
(109)
Total kg/year 2597 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 23.40 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
31
SAP 2005 WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D4F Full basement 15% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Av. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
36.99
2.50
92.48
(1)
First floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (2)
Second floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (3)
Total floor area 110.97 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 277.43 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.11 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 4.9
Infiltration rate 0.35 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.30 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.55 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 16.64 (2.00) 1.85 30.81 (27)
Ground floor 36.99 0.18 6.66 (28)
Walls (1) 108.77 0.30 32.63 (29)
Walls (2) 56.29 0.20 11.26 (29)
Roof 36.99 0.16 5.92 (30)
Total area of elements 259.48 (32)
Fabric heat loss 94.88 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 20.76 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 115.64 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 49.90 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 165.54 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.49 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2237 (39)
Distribution loss 395 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 3408 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output
from
water
heater
3408
(51)
Heat gains from water heating 1496 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
32
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 627 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –24 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 171 (54)
Total internal gains 784 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 16.64 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 256 (58)
total: 256 (65)
Total gains 1040 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 6.28 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.943 (68)
Useful gains 981 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.38 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.26 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.49 (74)
Living area fraction 0.270 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.730 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.18 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 5.92 (78)
Base temperature 12.25 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1398.3 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 5555 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 5519 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 556 (85a)
Water heating requirement 3408
Efficiency of water hea ter 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 3762 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 890 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 5519 0.194 1071 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 556 0.422 234 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 3762 0.194 730 (103)
Space and water heating 2035 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity
for
lighting
890
0.422
376
(109)
Total kg/year 2484 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 22.39 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
33
SAP 2005 WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
D4P Partial basement 15% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
36.99
2.50
92.48
(1)
First floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (2)
Second floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (3)
Total floor area 110.97 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 277.43 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.11 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 5.6
Infiltration rate 0.39 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.33 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.55 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 11.10 (2.00) 1.85 20.56 (27)
Ground floor 36.99 0.19 7.03 (28)
Walls (1) 133.50 0.30 40.05 (29)
Walls (2) 37.10 0.22 8.16 (29)
Roof 36.99 0.16 5.92 (30)
Total area of elements 259.48 (32)
Fabric heat loss 89.31 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 20.76 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 110.07 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 50.76 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 160.83 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.45 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2237 (39)
Distribution loss 395 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 3408 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output
from
water
heater
3408
(51)
Heat gains from water heating 1496 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
34
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 627 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –26 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 171 (54)
Total internal gains 782 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 11.10 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 171 (58)
total: 171 (65)
Total gains 953 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 5.92 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.952 (68)
Useful gains 907 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.33 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.21 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.48 (74)
Living area fraction 0.270 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.730 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.13 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 5.64 (78)
Base temperature 12.49 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1447.2 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 5586 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 5549 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 559 (85a)
Water heating requirement 3408
Efficiency of water hea ter 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 3762 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 972 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 5549 0.194 1077 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 559 0.422 236 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 3762 0.194 730 (103)
Space and water heating 2042 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity
for
lighting
972
0.422
410
(109)
Total kg/year 2526 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 22.76 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
35
SAP 2005 WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
MT Above ground
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
36.99
2.50
92.48
(1)
First floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (2)
Second floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (3)
Total floor area 110.97 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 277.43 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.11 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 7.0
Infiltration rate 0.46 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.39 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.58 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 16.64 (2.00) 1.85 30.81 (27)
Ground floor 36.99 0.20 7.40 (28)
Walls 89.06 0.28 24.94 (29)
Roof 36.99 0.16 5.92 (30)
Total area of elements 183.48 (32)
Fabric heat loss 76.67 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 14.68 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 91.35 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 52.72 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 144.06 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.30 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2237 (39)
Distribution loss 395 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 3408 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output from water heater 3408 (51)
Heat
gains
from
water
heating
1496
(52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
36
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 627 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –24 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 171 (54)
Total internal gains 784 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 16.64 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 256 (58)
total: 256 (65)
Total gains 1040 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 7.22 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.917 (68)
Useful gains 954 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature
adjustment
from
Table
4e
0.00
(71)
Adjustment for gains 0.52 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.40 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.46 (74)
Living area fraction 0.270 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.730 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.34 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 6.62 (78)
Base temperature 11.72 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1285.8 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 4446 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 4416 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 445 (85a)
Water heating requirement 3408
Efficiency of water hea ter 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 3762 (86a)
Electricity for pumps and fans 175 (87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 890 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 4416 0.194 857 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 445 0.422 188 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 3762 0.194 730 (103)
Space and water heating 1774 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity
for
lighting
890
0.422
376
(109)
Total kg/year 2224 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 20.04 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
37
SAP 2005 WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
MTF 15% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
36.99
2.50
92.48
(1)
First floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (2)
Second floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (3)
Total floor area 110.97 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 277.43 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.11 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 5.0
Infiltration rate 0.36 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.31 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.55 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 16.64 (2.00) 1.85 30.81 (27)
Ground floor 36.99 0.17 6.29 (28)
Walls (1) 58.11 0.28 16.27 (29)
Walls (2) 30.95 0.19 5.88 (29)
Roof 36.99 0.16 5.92 (30)
Total area of elements 183.48 (32)
Fabric heat loss 72.77 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 14.68 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 87.45 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 50.06 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 137.52 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.24 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2237 (39)
Distribution loss 395 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 3408 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output
from
water
heater
3408
(51)
Heat gains from water heating 1496 (52)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
38
5. Internal gains Watts
Lights, appliances, cooking and metabolic 627 (53)
Reduction in lighting gains –24 (53a)
Additional gains (Table 5a) 10 (53b)
Water heating 171 (54)
Total internal gains 784 (55)
6. Solar gains
Orientation Area Flux g FF Shading Gains (W)
East–West 0.9 × 16.64 48 0.66 0.70 0.77 256 (58)
total: 256 (65)
Total gains 1040 (66)
Gain/loss ratio 7.56 (67)
Utilisation factor 0.907 (68)
Useful gains 944 (69)
7. Mean internal temperature °C
Mean temperature of the living area 18.88 (70)
Temperature adjustment from Table 4e 0.00 (71)
Adjustment for gains 0.57 (72)
Adjusted living area temperature 19.45 (73)
Temperature difference between zones 1.45 (74)
Living area fraction 0.270 (75)
Rest ‐ of ‐ house area fraction 0.730 (76)
Mean internal temperature 18.40 (77)
8. Degree ‐ days
Temperature rise from gains 6.86 (78)
Base temperature 11.53 (79)
Degree ‐ days 1246.9 (80)
9a. Energy requirements kWh/year
Space heating requirement (useful) 4115 (81)
Fraction of heat from secondary system 0.10 (82)
(assumed for the calculation)
Efficiency of main heating system 90.6 (83)
Efficiency of secondary heating system 100 (84)
Space heating fuel (main) 4088 (85)
Space heating fuel (secondary) 412 (85a)
Water heating requirement 3408
Efficiency of water heater 90.6 (86)
Water heating fuel 3762 (86a)
Electricity
for
pumps
and
fans
175
(87)
(heating pump 130, flue fan 45)
Electricity for lighting (30% fixed LEL) 890 (87g)
10a and 11a do not apply
12a. Carbon dioxide emissions Energy Emission Emissions
(kWh/year) factor (kg/year)
Space heating, main – box (85) 4088 0.194 793 (101)
Space heating, secondary – box (85a) 412 0.422 174 (102)
Water heating – box (86a) 3762 0.194 730 (103)
Space and water heating 1696 (107)
Pumps and fans – box (87) 175 0.422 74 (108)
Electricity for lighting 890 0.422 376 (109)
Total kg/year 2146 (112)
kg/m²/year
Dwelling carbon dioxide emission rate (DER) 19.34 (113)
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Thermal performance of dwellings with basements
39
SAP 2005 WORKSHEET FOR DWELLING:
MTP 15% window
1. Overall dwelling dimensions Area Avge. storey Volume
(m²) height (m) (m³)
Ground
floor
36.99
2.50
92.48
(1)
First floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (2)
Second floor 36.99 2.50 92.48 (3)
Total floor area 110.97 (5)
Dwelling volume (m³) 277.43 (6)
2. Ventilation rate m³ per hour
Number of chimneys 0 × 40 0 (7)
Number of flues 0 × 20 0 (8)
Number of fans or passive vents 3 × 10 30 (9)
Number of flueless gas fires 0 × 40 0 (9a)
ach
Infiltration due to chimneys, flues and fans 0.11 (10)
Pressure test Yes
Measured/design q50 5.6
Infiltration rate 0.39 (19)
Number of sides sheltered 2 (20)
Shelter factor 0.85 (21)
Adjusted infiltration rate 0.33 (22)
Natural ventilation
Effective air change rate 0.55 (25)
3. Heat losses and heat loss parameter Area U‐ value A × U
Element (m²) (W/m²K) (W/K)
Doors 3.80 2.00 7.60 (26)
Windows 16.64 (2.00) 1.85 30.81 (27)
Ground floor 36.99 0.17 6.29 (28)
Walls (1) 67.16 0.28 18.80 (29)
Walls (2) 21.90 0.21 4.60 (29)
Roof 36.99 0.16 5.92 (30)
Total area of elements 183.48 (32)
Fabric heat loss 74.03 (33)
Thermal bridges (0.08 × total area) 14.68 (34)
Total fabric heat loss 88.70 (35)
Ventilation heat loss 50.76 (36)
Heat loss coefficient 139.46 (37)
Heat loss parameter (HLP) 1.26 (38)
4. Water heating energy requirements kWh/year
Energy content of heated water 2237 (39)
Distribution loss 395 (40)
Cylinder volume 150 (43)
Cylinder loss factor (kWh/litre/day) 0.0152 (44)
Volume factor 0.928 (44a)
Temperature factor 0.54 (44b)
Energy lost from cylinder in kWh/year (150 litres) 417 (47)
Primary circuit loss 360 (48)
Total 3408 (49a)
Solar input 0 (50)
Output
from
water
heater
3408
(51)
Heat gains from water heating 1496 (52)
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