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CONCEPTS OF METROLOGY AND IMPORTANCE OFCALIBRATION
Nihal Gunasekara
Sri Lanka
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KEY WORDS
CALIBRATION – Comparison
METROLOGY – Science of Measurement
TRACEABILITY – Unbroen C!ain of Comparisons
UNCERTAINTITY – Error in Measurement
ACCRE"ITATION – T!ir# $art% Ascertain
CALIBRATION INTER&AL – E'uipment Remains Re(iab(e
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WHAT IS METROLOGY
SCIENCE OF MEASUREMENTS
Everything hasto do with
measurement
"esi)nin)
Con#uctin)
Ana(%*in) Resu(ts
E+periment
or test
,it!in t!e Metro(o)% rea(m
Allowing people
to plan their lives
and makecommercial
exchange with
confidence
CAN BE SEENEVERYWHERE
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METROLOGY
Metro(o)% Co-ers T!ree Main Tass.
T!e #efinition of internationa((% accepte# units of measurement
T!e rea(i*ation of units of measurement b% scientific met!o#
Estab(is!ment of traceabi(it% c!ain in #ocumentin) t!e accurac%
of a measurement
/ Metrology is essential in scientifc
research”
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CATEGORES O! METROLOGY Scientifc Metrology – "e-e(opment of measurement
stan#ar#s
Industrial Metrology – To ensure the adequate
unctioning of measurement
instruments use# in in#ustr%0
pro#uction 1 testin)
(aboratories
Legal Metrology or
Weights & Measures – Accurac% of measurement
,!ere t!ese !a-e inf(uence on t!e
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AREAS O! "D#STRAL METROLOGY
Mechanical Metrology – Rea(ises 0 maintains an#
#isseminates t!e nationa( measurement stan#ar#s in t!e areas of
Mass0 &o(ume0 $ressure an# "imension
Electrical Metrology –– Rea(ises 0 maintains an#
#isseminates t!e nationa( measurement stan#ar#s in t!e areas of
AC2"C0 (o, fre'uenc%0 time 1 fre'uenc% an# temperature
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LEGAL METROLOGY
Ser-ices offere# b% (e)a( metro(o)% are.
Mass measurements verifcation. -erification of a((
mass measurin) instruments 3ba(ances0 tra#e masses etc45
olume measuring instruments . -erification of fue(
#ispensers0 taners 0 meters etc4
!re"ac#aging control .-erification of 'uantities in
prepaca)e# pro#ucts 3mass0 -o(ume0 (en)t!0 number etc45
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Ca$i%ration &O$d De'inition(
$ %aliration is the com"aring o anun#no'n measurement device against
equal or etter #no'n standard unders"ecifed conditions”
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alibration
$ Operation that, under specifed conditions, in a frst step,
establishes a relation between the quantity values withmeasurement uncertainties provided by measurementstandards and corresponding indications with associatedmeasurement uncertainties, and in a second step, uses thisinormation to establish a relation or obtaining a measurement
result rom an indication ” International Vocabulary of Metrology )( )%*M +,,-+,.+ – International ocaulary o Metrology /
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#nits o' Measurement
SI Units published by BIPM Bureau of 6ei)!ts an# Measures!
)ase #nits*
+uantity #nit Sym%o$
"ength metre m
Mass kilogram kg#ime second s
#emperature kelvin $
%lectric current ampere A
"uminous intensity candela cdAmount of substance mole mol
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Metrology Laboratorie ,rimary La%oratories "ML- "M- ",L et.
Re'eren.e La%oratories
Ca$i%ration La%oratories
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Mea!re"ent #n$ertainty
“ non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersionof t!e 'uantit% -a(ues being attributed to a measuran#0
based on the information used”
It arises due to t!e imperfections in t!e measurement
s%stem
No measurement s%stem is perfect 77777
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#n$ertainty
An estimate of t!e possib(e error in a measurement
Ty/e A eva$uation
A series of repeate# obser-ations is obtaine# to #etermine
t!e stan#ar# #e-iation of t!e measurement resu(t .
Ty/e ) eva$uation
T!e e-a(uation is carrie# out usin) a-ai(ab(e information
foun# in ca(ibration reports0 certificates0 specifications etc&
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E%&an'e' #n$ertainty
Calculate combined standard uncertainties
Type
Type !
"#p$ %nc$ % & Combined %ncertainty ' Co(era)e *actor
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I(i)a*a 'iagra"
%ncertainty
o* an o(en
Calibration ,!-
Test o(en
.esolution ,!-
C/C ,!-
Scatter ,-
i)ital
Thermometer .esolution ,!-
.e*erence TC
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on+i'en$e Le,el
Gaussian probability distribution
k 5k86 7ithin 1 o* mean
+6 7ithin 2 o* mean
6 7ithin 3 o* mean
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Metrologi$al Tra$eability
”property o a measurement resultwhereby the result can be related to areerence through a documented unbroken
chain o calirations, each contributing to themeasurement uncertainty ”
or or
/ / H! " #$%&'# "H(" H! " #$%&'# "H(" T6O MEASUREMENTST6O MEASUREMENTS "H# %(M# "H# %(M#
*&($"I"I#% ('#*&($"I"I#% ('# COM$ATIBLE COM$ATIBLE ””
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:o; o 7e Get Traceability <
Common point o* re*erence
My laboratory Your laboratory Their laboratory
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"M0 The Lin1 Organisation to the nternationa$ Arena
nternationa$ standards
"ationa$ .ommunity that is using
measurements
"ationa$ Metro$ogy nstitute
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2ERAC2Y O! MEAS#REME"T STA"DARDS
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2ERAC2Y O! MEAS#REME"T STA"DARDS
nstruments
#sed in La%3
ndustry
Wor1ing
Standards
Se.ondary
Standards
,rimary Standards
Tra.ea%$e to ),M
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HIERARCHY OF
MEASUREMENTS
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=etal *i#edpoint
Number Substances Statee*inin) temperature
> oC
1
23
4
+
9
8
:)
:20
Ga
?n
Sn
@n
l
)
u
Cu
T
T
=A
A
A
A
A
A
A
234$31+
293$1
302$1442$948+
+0+$098
2$99
33$493
1234$3
1339$33
13+9$99
38$8344
0$01
2$941+$+8+
231$28
41$+29
0$323
1$98
104$18
1084$2
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CL?!.T?BN :?"..C: BA =SS STN.S
),M Ki$ogram
"ationa$ Ki$ogram
C$ass E4- E5-!4- !5Masses
Ana$yti.a$ 6To/ $oading
,re.ision
)a$an.es
OML M4-M5-M7
Masses
OML R89
Masses
TRADE
MASSES
,$at'orm 6 To/
$oading %a$an.es
Weighing
)ridges
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2323
!?D= Drototype 1k)
E-AMPLE
MASS COMPARATOR
Drototype 1k)
Calibrate
Traceable to
nalytical !alance
Trans*er
%S"
Set o* Classes "2E A1E A2E and =1
Traceale !o
SI Un"!s
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GA#GE BLOC. COMPARATOR
Drimary Standard
Laser inter*erometer
Traceable to
Grade > set
Grade 1 set
%S"
Compare
Calibrate
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2+
E%a"&le
/0 Per+or"an$e Tet on a In$!bator at 12 3
402
o
Set Temp$
oC
?ndicator Falue
oC
=easured =ean (alue
oC
"#panded%ncertainty
oC
=in =a# NearSensor
%pper =iddle Lo;er
34$+ 34$+ 34$ 34$ 34$9 34$+ 34$2
0$2
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2
50 Per+or"an$e Tet on a Water Bat( at 24
o
S
,
C
R
+
Set Temp$
oC
?ndicator Falue
oC
=easurement
Locations
=easured=eanFalue
"#panded%ncertainty
oC=in =a#
48$0 4$+ +0$0 C
D
.S
+0$1
+0$2
+0$1
+0$1+0$0
1
#ni'ormity 0 :;
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COM,ARATOR )ALA"CES
CLASS E4 4 1g
CLASS E4 SET
CLASS E5 SET
CLASS !4 SET
CLASS !5 SET
CLASS M4 SET
MASS
Re'eren.e and Au=i$iary E>ui/ment
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CAL)RATO" "TER?ALS
6!at is Ca(ibration inter-a( 888
,eriod o' time o' use to ensure the e>ui/ment remains re$ia%$e
nterva$ is too short 0 Ca$i%ration @@@@@
nterva$ too $ong 0 Ris1 o' %ad measurements
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CAL)RATO" "TER?ALS
ISO 9:;
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RECOMME"DED CAL)RATO" "TER?ALS
" "o sing$e .orre.t answer Ca$i%ration re/resents an
instantaneous sna/shot o' a.tua$
.ondition
De/end u/on
Leve$ o' stress su%Be.tedSta%i$ity o' /ast .a$i%rationA$$owa%$e to$eran.e range
Re>uired a..ura.y+ua$ity Assuran.e Re>uirements
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RECOMME"DED CAL)RATO" "TER?ALS
!ina$ Ana$ysis ,eriod %etween two .a$i%rations
Determined 6 Monitored
#SER 2MSEL!
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2OW TO ESTA)LS2 CAL)RATO" "TER?AL
Consider in'$uen.ing 'a.tors and e=isting 1now$edge 0 eg
Accurac% sou)!t 1 conse'uences of error Manufacture>s recommen#ations Accommo#ation 1 en-ironment $urpose an# usa)e Maintenance 1 ser-icin) Tren#s from pre-ious ca(ibration?re'uenc% of c!ecs
Etc4 etc4 etc4 @4
Re'; LAC G 58 0 Guide$ines 'or determination o' .a$i%ration interva$ o'
measuring instruments
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RECOMME"DED ,RACTCES Ca$i%ration at &/$anned( /eriodi. interva$s to
ensure a..e/ta%$e a..ura.y 6 re$ia%i$ity
Shorten the interva$s when resu$ts o' /revious
.a$i%ration suggest it
May $engthen interva$s on %asis o' demonstrated
/er'orman.e
Do.umented /ro.edure 'or assigning and adBusting
.a$i%ration interva$s
!u$$y do.umented re.a$i%ration system
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ALIBRATION OF 6OL#METRI GLASSWARE
FLAS.S
YLINDERS
B#RETTES
PIPETTES
A #RA Y LASSES
LASS A 7 Hig(er
gra'e
LASS B 7 Lo*er
gra'e
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3+
E%a"&le 8 Pi&ette
Nominalcapacity,ml-
Limit o* "rror ,ml-Class Class !
1
2+
100
200
0$008
0$03
0$08
0$1
0$01+
0$0
0$1+
0$2
METHOD
#ra$"me!r"c Me!hod % IS& '()( *+&,&-.aora!or/ #lass0are* Vol1me!r"c "ns!r1men!s*Me!hod o2 Tes!"ng o2 ca3ac"!/ and 2or 1se4
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3
IN8HO#SE PERFORMAN E HE .S
(During Calibration Interval)
ANA.YTICA. BA.ANCES % Using a CalibratedWeight
INCUBATORS * Using a CalibratedThermocouple
#.ASS THERMOMETERS* ce !oint
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?mportance o* Calibration
Assuran.e o' a..urate o' measurements A%i$ity to tra.e measurements to nternationa$
standards
nternationa$ a..e/tan.e o' test3.a$i%ration re/orts
Corre.t diagnosis o' i$$ness &medi.a$ re/orts(
Consumer /rote.tion &$ega$ metro$ogy(
Meeting the re>uirements o' SO ::: and 49:5
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Te$(ni$al Co"&eten$e o+
Calibration Laboratorie
9
Mea!re"ent are
tra$eable to SI #nit
Ho* *e en!re
A REDITATI N
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De+ine' riteria +or Laboratory A$$re'itation
Metrology Laboratory
• Br)aniHation• Laboratory uality System
• uali*ied personnel
• .an)e o* the ;ork capabilities and test methods
• Laboratory practices and mana)ement system
• .eliable standards and measurin) de(ices
• Laboratory *acilities
• deIuate measurin) capabilities
• Traceability maintenance
• Calibration records
• Satis*actory completion o* internal audits
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:#ALITY SYSTEM ISO;IE /
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4141
A REDITED LABORATORY
IMPLEMENTATION OF ISO /
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4242
"NF?.BN="NTL CBN?T?BNS
T"=D".T%."
:%=??T
?. F"LBC?T
A."" BA F?!.T?BN
?LL%=?NNC"
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A REDITED
MASS LABORATORY
EN6IRONMENTAL CONDITIONS= TEMPERAT#RE= 51 > 402 4C ? H#MIDITY = 24 >/4@
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CC."?T" T"=D".T%." L!B.TB.
E"?RO"ME"TAL CO"DTO"S0 TEM,ERAT#RE0 57 F4 :C - 2#MDTY 0 : F4:
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CBNT"NTS BA CL?!.T?BN C".T?A?CT" NAME AND ADDRESS : CU"TO#$%& '()O%(TO%*
METHOD
CONDITION RECEIVED
IDENTIFICATION DATE OF CALIRATION
60TE 78 2E%0LI920TI71 :
CALIRATION RES!LTS
!NCERTAINT" OF MEAS!REMENT
TRACEAILIT"
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
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RANGE 0M0
# ONE MAR7 PIPETTE & !o +&&
&8&,
##RA6UATE6 PIPETTE & !o +9 &8&&,
#BURETTE & !o +&&
&8&,
# VO.UMETRIC F.AS7 & !o +&&&
&8&,
##RA6UATE6 MEASURIN# CY.IN6ER & !o +&&& &8&,
SAMPLE OFS OPE OF A REDITATION
CA.IBRATION
$L$L
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A..redited Metro$ogy
!a.i$ities
ndustries
Prod1c!s
Be!!er Place"n #loalMar:e!
51al"!/."2e
Techn"cal Com3e!enc/
ISO Cer!";ed 5MS
TracealeMeas1remen!s
Ens1re
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$%aliration olaoratoryequi"ment isim"ortant to otain
reliale testresults”
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